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PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES
OF PHILADELPHIA.
a
Pay A Dae Dans PRINTED FOR THE ACADEMY.
1862.
INDEX.
Abbott, C. C., observations on Cottus Copei Abbott, 2, 15; notes on the habits of Aphredoderus Sayanus, 79, 95; on Cyprinus corporalis, &c., 152, 154; on Squalus americanus, referring it to the genus Odontaspis, 390, 399.
4Agiothus, monograph of, by Elliott Coues, 373.
Ailanthus silk-worm, remarks on, by Dr. Stewardson, 525.
Allen, Harrison, M. D., descriptions of new Pteropine Bats from Africa, 153, 156; description of a new Mexican Bat, 334, 359.
Anableps, description of a new species of, by T. Gill, 3; remarks on, by Dr. Le Conte, 21; observations on, by Prof. Wyman, 56.
Anculosa, description of new species of, by I. Lea, 14.
Anodontz, descriptions of two new species of, by I. Lea, 56.
Ants, note on, by S. B. Buckley, 9.
Aphredoderus Sayanus, notes on the habits of, by C. C. Abbott, 95.
Anisotremus, by T. Gill, 105.
Aristelliger, by E. D. Cope, 494.
Aulostomatoids, on a new type of, found in Washington Territory, 168.
Baculites, revision of the species of, by W. M. Gabb, 394.
Bats, descriptions of new Pteropine, from Africa, by H. Allen, M. D., 156; description of a new Mexican, by H. Allen, M. D., 359.
Binney, W. G., Catalogue of Molluscs from British N. America, 311, 330; notes on the Molluscs of California, 311, 331.
Blennoids, on a new generic type of, by T. Gill, 261.
Bombyx cynthia, (Ailanthus silk- worm, ) remarks on, by Dr. Steward- son, 525.
Brachiopoda, synopsis of American cretaceous, by W. M. Gabb, 18.
Brown, A. D., descriptions of two new species of Helix, 311, 333.
Buckley, 8. B., notes on Ants in Texas, 2, 9; note on the Bartram Oak, 334, 361; description of new plants from Texas, 391, 448.
Cassin, J., communication in reference to a new species of Goose from Arc- tic America, 72; descriptions of new Birds from Western Africa in the Museum of the Academy, 334, 335.
Centropyx, by E. D. Cope, 494.
Cephalopod, description of a new car- boniferous, by Wm. M. Gabb, 367.
Chenichthyoids, synopsis of, by T. Gill, 507.
IV.
Clements, Dr. Se oape announcement of the death of, 5 Clupeinz, synopsis S by T. Gill, 33. Coleoptera, new species of, by J. Tianhe Conte, M. D., 338. Coleopterous Fauna of Lower Cali- fornia, by J. L. Le Conte, M. D., 325. Committees, election of Standing, 20. | Cope, Edw. D., remarks on Reptiles, 73, 75; notes and descriptions of | Anoles, 205, 208; contributions to the Ophiology of Lower California, 258, 292; on the Reptiles of Som- brero and Bermuda, 311, 312; on the genera Panolopus, Centropyx, Aristelliger, and Spherodactylus, 391, 494; observations upon certain cy prinoid fish in Pennsylvania, 522; | on Elapomorphus, Sympholis, and | Coniophanes, 524. | Corbicula, descriptions of new species | of, by T. Prime, 125. | Cottus Copei, cbservations on, by C. | C. Abbott, 15. Coues, Elliott, monograph of the Trin- | gee of N. America, 153, 170; notes | on the Ornithology of Labrador, 205, | 215; monograph of the genus Aigi- othus, &e., 3384, 3738. Crustacea, notes on certain Decapod, by Wm. Stimpson, 372. Curators, report of, 528. C ‘yelades, synonymy of the, by Temple, Prime, 25. Cynipide, on the sex of, by Baron | Osten Sacken, 150. Cyprinoid Fish, remarks ou certain, by | E. D. Cope, 522.
Cyprinus corporalis, referred to genus Semotilus, by C. C, Abbott, 154. Cyrena, descriptions of new species of,
by T. Prime, 125.
|
Diatomacee, notes on, by Dr. F. W. Lewis, 61.
Durand, H., report on Dr. Linsecum’s collection of Texas plants, 98.
INDEX.
Bvans, Dr. John T., announcement of the death of, 77.
Eventognathi, on the classification of, by T. Gill, 6.
aieheny on some genera of, from west- ern coast of N. America, by T. Gill, 164.
Fisher, James C., resignation of, as Librarian, 257.
Fossils, descriptions of new species of
tertiary, by Wm. M. Gabb, 367; de- scription of new cretaceous, by Wim. M. Gabb, 318, 363; ditto, by F. B. Meek, 314; descriptions of palzo- zoic, from Illinois and Iowa, by Meek and Worthen, 128; descriptions of new cretaceous, from Vancouver and Sucia islands, by F. B. Meek, 314; descriptions of new paleozoic, from Kentucky and Indiana, by 8. 5. Lyon, 409 ; descriptions of new lower Silurian, Jurassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary, by F. B. Meek and F. Y. Hayden, 415.
Gabb, Wm. M., synopsis of American cretaceous Brachiopoda, 1, 18; re- marks on the Gryphea calceola and the Ostrea Marshii, 21; announced his having discovered an outcrop of the Ripley group near Gloucester, 124; list of the Mollusca inhabiting the neighborhood of Philadelphia, 258, 306; descriptions of new cre- taceous fossils from New Jersey, &c., 311, 318 ; descriptions of new tertiary American fossils and a carboniferous cephalopod, 334, 367; notes on cre- taceous fossils, and descriptions of new species, 334, 363; monograph of the Polyzoa of the secondary and tertiary formations of N. America, 334, 335; revision of the species of Baculites described in Dr. Morton’s synopsis of the cretaceous group of the United States, 590, 394.
Gastrochenide, synopsis of the recent species of, by G. W. Tryon, Jr., 465.
Edwards, Wm. H., descriptions of cer- | Gill, Theodore, catalogue of the Marine
tain species of Lepidoptera of the United States, &c., 152, 100.
Elections, of officers, 530 ; of members and correspondents, 531.
Elliott, D. G., description of a new species of Pitta, 153.
Ennis, J., exhibited the young of Kale-
|
mys Muhlenbergii, showing certain affinities of this genus, 124.
| \
Fishes of the eastern coast of North America, 1; description of a new species of Anableps, 1, 3; on the classification of the Eventognathi, or Cyprini, 1, 6; appendix to the mo- nograph of the Phylipni, and descrip- tion of the genus Lembus of Giinther, 2, 16; synopsis of the subfamily Clupine, with descriptions of new
INDEX.
genera, 21, 33; synopsis of the sub-
family Percine, 21, 44; synopsis
generum Rhyptici et affinium, 21,
52; on the identity of the genera
Neomenis of Girard and Lutjanus of |
Bloch, 73, 93; revision of the ge-
nera of Scizenine of N. America, 73,
79; communication on several new |
generic types of fishes, 77; on the
Haploidonotine, 98, 100; on the)
genus Anisotremus, 98, 105; ex-|
hibited and described two new spe- cies of marine fishes, 98; synopsis
of the Uranoscopoids, 100, 108;)}
notes on some genera of fishes of the|
western coast of N. America, 153,
164; on a new type of Aulostoma-|
toids, 153, 168; on the genus Podo- |
thecus, 258; description of a new generic type of Blennoids, 258, 261; | monograph of the tridigitate Uranos- | copoids, 258, 263; synopsis of the!
Polynematoids, 258, 271; synopsis |
of the Sillaginoids, 391, 501; ditto)
of the Notothenoids, 391, 512; ditto of the Harpagiferoids, 391, 510 ; ditto | of the Chenichthyoids, 391. 507. |
Goose, communication in reference to| a new species of, from Arctic Ame-| rica, by J. Cassin, 72.
Graham, Col. J. D., letter from, men- tioning discovery by him of a diurnal tide in Lake Michigan, 1. |
Grouse, description of a new species of, | by G. Suckley, M. D., 361.
|
| | } | | |
Haploidonotine, by T. Gill, 100.
Harpagiferoids, synopsis of, by T. Gill, 510.
Hayden, F. V., M. D., description of fossils collected in ‘Nebraska, &e., 390, 415. |
Hayes, Dr. Isaac I., invitation to ral dress the Academy in reference to | his late Arctic Expedition, 334; com-| plies with said request and places. his collection at the disposal of the | Academy, 335.
Helix, description of two new Species | of, by A. D. Brown, 333.
Hemiptera, descriptions of four species | of, by P. R. Uhler, 284; rectification | of the paper upon, of the North Pa-| cific Exploring Expedition, 286.
Homoptera, of the N. Pacific Exploring | Expedition, by P. R. Uhler, 282.
Norn, George H., M. D., monograph of the Polyzoa of the secondary and
|
|Leidy, Dr. ae
tertiary formations of the United States, 334, 335.
Huffnagle, Dr. Chas., announcement of the death of, by Mr. Sergeant, 1 Hyporthodus flaviculata, new species
described by T. Gill, 98.
Io, descriptions of seven new species of, by I. Lea, 393.
|Kalemys, young of, exhibited by J. Ennis, showing affinities of the ge- nus, 124.
|Keim, Geo. M., announcement of the death of, 150.
'Kennicott, Robert, on three new forms
of Rattlesnakes, 205, 206.
Lea, Isaac, descriptions of twenty-five new species of Unionide from Ga., &e., 21, 38; description of a new species of Neritina from Coosa River, Ala., 21, 55; descriptions of two new species of Anodonta, from Arctic America, 21, 56; descriptions of new species of Anodonta and Lithasia, 24, 54; descriptions of twelve pew species of Uniones from Alabama, 56, 59; exhibited specimen of slag in form of a cotton-like mass, 73 ; description of new genus of Mela- niade, Sec., 77, 96; descriptions of forty-nine new species of the genus Melania, 100, 117; descriptions of new fossil Mollusca from the cre- taceous formation at Haddentfield, N. J., 124, 148; new Unionide of the United States, 334, 335 ; descrip- tions of eleven new species of Unio, 391; descriptions of seven new spe- cies of the genus Io, 391, 393.
Le Conte, John L., M. D., new species of Coleoptera of the Pacific district of the United States, 334, 338 ; Coleop- terous Fauna of Lower California, 334, 335.
Lewis, Dr. Francis W., notes on new and rare species of Diatomacee of the United States, 56, 61.
|Lewis, Dr. James, extract of a letter from, in reference to three species of Paludina in the Erie Canal, 2: remarks on a very sudden fall of temperature at Mohawk, N. Y., with diagram, 22; letter in relation to habits and growth of Unionide, 57.
announced discovery of
lignite at the border of the new red
sandstone on Plymouth Creek, 77.
Vi.
Lembus, description of the genus, by T. Gill, 16.
Lepidoptera, on some species of, found in the United States, &., by Wm. H. Edwards, 160.
Lignite, discovery of, on Plymouth Creek, 77.
Limnobiacee, descriptions of nine new, by Baron R. Osten Sacken, 287.
Liostomine, communication on, by T. Gill, 89.
Lithasia, description of new species of, by I. Lea, 54.
Lutjanus, identity of, with Neomenis, by T. Gill, 93.
Lyon, Sidney §., description of new Palzozoic Fossils from Kentucky and Indiana, 390, 409.
Mammal, Description of a new Quad- rumanous, by J. A. Slack, M. D.,463.
Markland, Mr. John H., Announce- ment of the death of, by Mr. Ser- geant, 1.
Meek, F. B., descriptions of new Palzo- zoic fossils from Illinois and Iowa, 124, 128; descriptions of new Cre- taceous fossils from Vancouver and
+ Sucia Islands, 311, 314; description of the lower Silurian, Jurassic, Cre- taceous and Tertiary fossils collected in Nebraska, &c., 390, 415.
Melania, descriptions of forty-nine new species of, by I. Lea, 117.
Melanide, description of a new genus of, by I. Lea, 96.
Miles, Manly, descriptions of two new species of shells from Michigan, 124.
Midas, description of a new species of, by J. H. Slack, M. D., 463.
Mollusca, descriptions of new fossil, by I. Lea, 148; list of those inhabiting the neighborhood of Philadelphia, 306; catalogue of, from British Ame- rica, by W. G. Binney, 330; notes on the Molluscs of California, by the same, 331; on the Mollusca of Har- per’s Ferry, Virginia, by G. W. Try- on, Jr., 396; synopsis of recent species of Gastrochenide, a family of Molluses, by the same, 465.
Moore, Dr. Samuel, announcement of the death of, 56.
Mosasaurus, remarks on bones of, found in upper stratum of Marl, by Dr. Slack, 2.
Neomenis, identity of, with Lutjanus, by T. Gill, 93.
INDEX.
Neritina, description of a new species of, by I. Lea, 55.
Norris, Thaddeus, remarks on a species of Osmerus, 56, 58.
Notothenoids, synopsis of, by T. Gill, 512.
Oak, Bartram, note on, by S. B. Buck- ley, 361.
Ophiology, contributions to, by E. D. Cope, 292.
Ornithology of Labrador, by EH. Coues, 215.
Osmerus, remarks on, by T. Norris, 58.
Osten Sacken, Baron, on the sex of Cynipide, 150.
Osten Sacken, Baron R., nine new species of N. American Limnobiade, 258, 287.
Otolicnus apicalis, Remarks by Dr. Slack on a species so called by Du Chaillu, 153.
Panolopus, on the genera Panolopus, &ec., by E. D. Cope, 494.
Percine, synopsis of, by T. Gill, 44.
Peters, Francis, announcement of death of, 125.
Philypni, appendix to Monograph on, by T. Gill, 16.
Pitta, description of new a species of, by D. G. Elliot, 153.
Plants, descriptions of new, from Texas, by S. B. Buckley, 448.
Pleistocene, depesit of, on the shore of James’ Bay, 97.
Podothecus, on the genus, by T. Gill, 258.
Polynematoids, synopsis of, by T. Gill, 271.
Prime, Temple, Synonymy of the Cy- clades, &c., No. 2, 21, 25; Deserip- tions of new species of Cyrena, &c., 124, 125; Descriptions of three new species of Mollusca, 391, 414 ; Mono- graph of the species of Sphzrium of North and South America, 391, 402.
Ravenel, Edmund, description of new recent shells from the coast of §. Carolina, 21, 41.
Rattlesnakes, on three new forms of, by R. Kennicott, 206.
Reptilia of Sombrero and Bermuda, by E. D. Cope, 312.
Rhyptici, synopsis of, by T. Gill, 52.
Ripley Group, announcement of the discovery of an outcrop of, near Gloucester, by Mr. Gabb, 124.
INDEX.
Scizning, revision of the genera of, by T. Gill, 79.
Scolopendra, descriptions of new spe- cies of, by H. C. Wood, Jr., 10.
Secretary, Recording, report of, 526.
Shad, remarks on the food of, by Dr. Leidy, 2.
Shells, descriptions of new, from the coast of 8. Carolina, 41; notice of, from Hudson’s Bay, 97.
Shizostoma, description of new species of, by I. Lea, 54; remarks of Dr. Showalter on, 56.
Showalter, Dr., of Alabama, remarks on Shizostoma, 56.
Sillaginoidee, synopsis of, by T. Gill, 501.
Slack, Dr.J.H., remarks on some speci- mens of Mammalia, 24; on a species of the Lemuride, called Otolicnus apicalis by DuChaillu, 153 ; descrip- tion of a new species of Rodent of the genus Spermophilus, 311, 314; de- scription of a new Quadrumanous Mammal of the genus Midas, 391, 463; Guide to the collection of the Academy, 391, 522.
Spackman, Dr. George, announcement of the death of, 205.
Spermophilus, description of a new species of, by J. H. Slack, M. D., 314.
Suckley, George, M. D., U.S. A., de- scription of a new species of Amer. Grouse, 334, 361.
Spherium, descriptions of new species of, by T. Prime, 125; monograph of the species of, of N. and 8. America. by T. Prime, 402; descriptions of three new species of, by T. Prime, 414.
Spherodactylus, by E. D. Cope, 494.
Squalus americanus, referring it to the genus Odontaspis, by C. C. Abbott, 399.
Stewardson, Thos., M. D., remarks on the Ailanthus silk worm, 525.
Stimpson, W., on marine shells from Hudson’s Bay, and Pleistocene de-
aie
posit on the shore of James’ Bay, 75, 97 ; notes on Decapod Crustacea, 334, 372.
Strephobasis, description of, by I. Lea, 96.
Sarothrodus maculo-cinctus, new spe- cies described by T. Gill, 99.
Tiedeman, Prof. F., announcement of the death of, 56.
Thelyphonus, description of a new species of, by H. C. Wood, Jr., 312.
Tringee, monograph on, by Elliott Coues, 170.
Tryon, George W., Jr., on the Mollusca of Harper’s Ferry, 390, 396; synop- sis of the recent species of Gastro- chenide, a family of Acephalous Mollusea, 391, 465.
Uhler, P. R., rectification of the paper upon Hemiptera of the N. Pacific Exploring Expedition, 258, 286 ; Homoptera of the same, 258, 282; descriptions of four new species of Hemiptera, 258, 284.
Unio, descriptions of eleven new species of, by I. Lea, 391.
Unionide, descriptions of twenty-five new species of, from Georgia, &c., 38; remarks on habits and growth of, by Dr. Lewis, 57; descriptions of twelve new species of, from Ala- bama, 59.
Uranoscopoids, synopsis of, by T. Gill, 108; monograph of the Tridigitate, 263.
Warren, David M., announcement of death of, 58.
Wood, H. C., Jr., descriptions of new species of Scolopendra, 2,10; on the American Chilopoda, with catalogue of specimens in the Smithsonian Institution, 311; description of a new species of Thelyphonus, 311, 312.
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SIT
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES
OF PHILADELPHIA. 1861.
January 1st, 1861. Vice-President BripGEs in the Chair.
Kighteen ‘members present.
Papers were presented for publication entitled,
“« Catalogue of the Marine Fishes of the Eastern Coast of North Ame- rica from Greenland to Georgia, by Theodore Gill.”
‘‘ Description of a new species of the genus Anableps of Gronovius, by Theodore Gill.”
“ Synopsis of American Cretaceous Brachiopoda, by Wm. M. Gabb.’’
Which were referred to Committees.
Mr. Sergeant announced the death on the 25th ult. of Mr. John H. Markland ; also, at London, om the 8th ult., of Dr. Charles Huffnagle, late members of the Academy.
January 8th. Vice-President VAux in the Chair.,
Twenty-six members present.
A paper was presented for publication entitled
“On the classification of the Eventognathi, or Cyprini, a sub-order of Teleocephali, by Theodore Gill.” Which was referred to a Com- mittee.
An extract of a letter was read from Col. J. D. Graham, dated Chicago, Dec. 17th, 1860, informing the Academy of the diseovery by him of a diurnal tide in Lake Michigan.
1861.] 1
2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
January 15th. Vice-President VAUX in the Chair.
Thirty-one members present.
Dr. Leidy stated that in a communication to the Academy, by Dr. Mordecai, published in the last number of the Proceedings, the author remarks as the result of his observations, that the food of the shad consists of marine alge. A few weeks since Dr. L.’s housekeeper had incidentally called his attention to a shad, obtained in market, which appeared to her remarkable from the stomach being filled with small fishes. Dr. L. examined the shad to assure himself that it really was that fish, and submitted the stomach and contents to Mr. C. C. Abbott, who informs him in a note that the contents consist of nine small marine fishes, as follows: 3 Hydrargyra swampina, 5 Peecilia lati- pinnis, and 1 Cyprinodon ovinus. Mr. Abbott adds, that in his dissections of the shad he had frequently detected the remains of cyprinoids in the contentz of the stomach.
Mr. Slack called attention to specimens of Mosasaurus bones presented this evening. The animal was remarkable for its small size, and on ac- count of its position where found, viz.in the upper stratum of the marl.
January 22d. Mr. Lea, President, in the Chair.
Thirty-nine members present.
Papers were presented for publication entitled
‘‘ Notes on Ants in Texas, by S. B. Buckley.”
‘‘ Descriptions of new species of Scolopendra in the collection of the Academy, by H. C. Wood, Jr.”
‘Observations on Cottus Copei Abbott, by C. C. Abbott.’
“ Appendix to the Monograph of the Philypni, and description of the genus Lembus of Giinther, by Theodore Gill.”
And were referred to Committees.
Mr. Lea read the following extract of a letter from Dr. Lewis, of
Mohawk, N. Y.
‘*T find three species of Paludina in the Erie Canal and Mohawk River at this place. Mr. Binney, after examining them, pronounces them one species —decisa Say,—regarding them merely as varieties. My reasons for regarding them as three species are as follows: The large species which I shall call integra Say, for the present (and until it is satisfactorily shown by reference to Say’s integra from the original locality that it is a different species,) is the most ponderous shell of the three species. The Embryonic young attain the largest size (before exclusion from the parent) of the three species. The next species I will call decisa Say, though it is usually perfect at the apex, as well as the preceding. This shell is of a thinner texture, and the color of the epider- mis is a darker tint, green. The Hmbryonic young at exclusion are of a deli- cate pale willow green. The third species I have for several reasons felt dis- posed to regard as rufa Hald. This does not attain so large a size here as the preceding species. The height of the shell is less, proportioned to its width. The central portions of the body whorl a little prominent, almost sub- angular in some instances, a little flattened towards the sutures. The epider- mis olivaceous, with purpureous tinge on the centre of the whorl, fading above and below. The interior pink, margined above and below and at the aperture with white. Embryonic young smaller than in integra and decisa, and of a delicate pate pink color. The soft parts differ as do the shells. The habits of
[Jan.
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 3
the animals also differ, and the crowning evidence of this distinction in a spe- cific point of view, is the absence of all intermediate forms and varieties, each species preserving its integrity, under the operation of the same law that pre- serves the purity of species of Unio, where from 30 to 50 species are found in one stream, as is seen in some of the western rivers.”’
January 29th. Mr. LEA, President, in the Chair.
Thirty-three members present. On report of the respective Committees, the following papers were ordered to be published in the Proceedings :
Description of a new Species of the Genus ANABLEPS of Gronovius.
BY THEODORE GILL.
There has recently been sent to the Smithsonian Institution from Panama, by Captain J. M. Dow, a new species of the genus Anableps. The number of the species of the genus is now increased to four, all of which, with the excep- tion of the one now to be described, are from the Caribbean Sea, along the northern coast of South America.
Preliminary to a description of the new species, we give a diagnosis of the genus, in order not to be obliged to insert as specific characters those which are really generic.
Subfamily ANABLEPTINZ Gill. Genus AnapLeps (Artedi) Gronovius. Synonymy.
Anableps Artedi, Linn., in first editions of Systema Nature. Cobitis sp. Linn., in later editions of Systema Nature.
Anableps Gronovius Zoophylacium.
Body elongated, anteriorly depressed, posteriorly compressed.
Scales moderate or small, cycloid, covering almost the entire head and body; those on the head, anterior to the nape, larger and less imbricated. The base of the caudal fin and the anal appendage of the male are also covered with scales.
Head depressed, cuneiform in profile, oblong above, gradually diminishing in width to the snout.
Mouth anterior and transverse, opening downwards and forwards. Upper jaw projecting beyond the lower. Intermaxillary bones with the ascending pro- cess represented by simple knobs. Maxillaries entirely lateral, and excluded from the composition of the mouth. Dentary flattened.
Teeth acute, only on the intermaxillaries and dentaries ; in the former in a broad band, the anterior ones larger and moveable, as in Pecilia; the posterior villiform andimmoveable. Those of the lower jaw nearly horizontal and princi- pally in one row on the front of the dentaries.
Eyes situated in the anterior half of the head, oblique, and proteeted by the elevated arches of the frontal bones. The cornea and iris are divided into two more or less unequal portions by a horizontal band.
Nostrils double ; the anterior at the anterior and inferior edge of the nasal bones ; the posterior oblique fissures in front of the eyes.
Branchiostegal membrane deeply excavated, the fissure extending to the an- terior borders of the eyes. Branchiostegal rays five.
Dorsal fin higher than long, situated far behind, between the anal and caudal.
Anal in the females of nearly the same form as the dorsal; in the males with a large conical appendage in front.
1861.]
4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
Pectoral fins suboval, directed downwards and inwards, and externally con- cave. Ventrals situated nearly midway between the pectoral and dorsal.
Prof. Jeffries Wyman has published interesting facts respecting the embryo- logy of the Anableps Gronovii of Valenciennes (or Anableps tetrophthalmus Linn.) in the fifth volume of the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, page 80, and in the sixth volume of the American Journal of Science and Art.
Mr. J. P. G. Smith has published observations on the habits of a species of the genus in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society, for 1850, at page 53.
ANABLEPS Dowe! Gill.
The body is elongated, anteriorly depressed and flattened, and posteriorly compressed as in the other species of the genus. The height of the trunk, at the insertion of the ventral fins is nearly an eighth of the extreme length from the snout to the margin of the caudal fin. The width is greatest between the pec- torals and ventrals, and equals fourteen-hundredths of the length; thence it nearly uniformly diminishes towards the base of the caudal fin, which is much compressed. ;
The head is elongated, semiconical in profile, above straight and continuous with the back. The height at the vertical of the operculum equals an eleventh of the total length. The length of the head itself enters five times in the total. The head above is flat and level from the nape, and between the raised orbits to the upper jaw; its breadth at the nape slightly exceeds two-thirds of its length ; that before the eyes equal three-fifths of the same.
The eyes exceed in their diameter one-fifth of the length of the head; they are distant from the anterior borders of the nasals. a quarter of the head’s length: the interorbital space equals a seventh of the same. The interval between the upper jaw and the angle of the preopereculum equals three-fourths of that between the jaw and the margin of the operculum.
The eyes are circular; the portion below the bridle of the conjunctiva is as large or larger than that above.
The dorsal fin commences between the posterior sixth and seventh tenths of the length. Its basal length is only equal to a twentieth of the total length, and scarcely exceeds half its height. Its median rays are highest, the margin being convex.
The anal fin of the male has nearly the same position and structure, as that of the same sex in Anableps tetrophthalmus.
The caudal fin is somewhat obliquely truncated, the lower rays being slightly longest. Its greatest length forms a sixth of the total. Its basal third is covered with closely adherent scales.
The pectoral fins do not quite equal in length a seventh of the total; they are separated from each other at their bases by an interval slightly exceeding half their length.
The ventrals commence between the fourth and fifth tenth of the total length; their length equals a tenth of the same.
In structure and form, the various fins do not differ from those of the allied species.
1 The number of rays is as follows: D.8—. C.5,16,3. R.21. V. 6.
From the axilla of the pectoral fin to the base of the caudal, there are about sixty-eight rows of scales, forty-nine of which are in advance of the dorsal. Each scale is more or less subcircular, often higher than long, with concentric striz, surrounding a nucleus placed considerably anterior to the centre, and posteriorly crossed by about fourteen radiating strie.
The color isa dark black brown on the head, back and sides. A broad, Jongitudinal, golden-colored band traverses the sides and terminates at the
(Jan.
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 5
caudal fin; the band is itself bordered with blackish below, which is mach more distinct behind the ventrals. The sides of the head as well as the infe- rior surface of the bgdy are also of a deep yellow color, the line bounding the yellow of the head passing under the eyes, and is continuous at the axilla of the pectorals with the lateral band. The dorsal, caudal and most of the pec~- torals, are of a lighter color than the back; the interior rays of the latter are yellowish.
A single specimen of this new species of Anableps was obtained by Captain J. M. Dow.
It is interesting as being the first representative of the genus that has been discovered on the Pacific coast. We dedicate the species to its discoverer, who has added much to our knowledge of the Fauna of the western coast of Central America, and who has forwarded to the Smithsonian Institution many new species of Fishes, Crustaceans, and other animals, among which is the type of the singular new Portumnoid genus HLuphylax of Stimpson.
The following synopsis of the species of the genus will exhibit the compara- tive différences between them.
_a. Squame in serie longitudinali cerciter 70. Color superne olivaceo-fuscus ; fascia laterali et corpore inferne flavis. ANnABLEPS Dower Gill. Synonymy. Anableps Dowei Gill, Proceedings Acad. Nat. Sciences, supra 1860.
8. Squame in serie longitudinale 50—55; color superne clivaceo-virescens ; la- teribus lineis longitudinalibus tribus vel quatuor ornatis.
ANABLEPS TETROPHTHALMUS Bloch. Synonymy. Anableps lineis quatuor longitudinalibus ad utrumque latus; processu tubulato
ad pinnam ani Artedi in Seba’s Thesaurus rerum naturaliam, vol. ii. pl. xxxiv. fig. 7, 1758.
ue Artedi, Genera Piscium, p. 25, genus xx. ee ' « Species Piscium, p. 46. Anableps Gronovius, Zoophylacium, p. 117, No. 350, pl. i. figs. 1, 2, 3. te Gronovius Museum Ichthyologicum, vol. i. p. 12, No. 32. Cobitis anableps, Linneus, Systema Nature ed. x. oe Linneus, Systema Nature, ed. xii., gen. 173, No. 1.
Anableps tetrophthalmus Bloch. Naturgeschichte der auslindischen Pische. et ee Bloch. Systema Ichthyologie, Schnerd. ed.,
ub a Lacepede, Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. v. 1803. ee Cuv. et Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. xviii. p- 252.
The preceding is only a portion of the synonymy of the species. On account of the remarkable structure of its eyes, it has been referred to in numerous works on Natural History and Anatomy. Such allusions have not been deemed of sufficient importance to refer to.
y. Squame in serie longitudinali cerciter 85-50 ordinate. Color superne oli- vaceo-virescens, inferne albescens. ANABLEPS MICROLEPIS Mull.
Synonymy. . Anableps microlepis MiiJler and Troschel, Monatsberichte der Acad. 1844, p. 26. 1861.]
6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
Anableps microlepis Zroschel, Archiv. fur Naturgeschichte for 1845, vol. ii. p. 200 (abstract.)
Anableps coarctatus Val. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. xviii. -p. 266, pl. 540, 1846. -
Anableps microlepis Mill. and Troschel in Schomburgh’s Reisen in British Guiana, vol. iii. p. 632.
Corpus magnitudine fere ut in Anableps tetrophthalmus.
ANABLEPS ELONGATUS Val. Synonymy.
Anableps elongatus Val. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. xviii. p. 267, pl. 541, 1846. Corpus gracilius.
On the classification of the EVENTOGNATHI or CYPRINI, a suborder of TELEOCEPHALI. ‘
BY THEODORE GILL.
In studying the species of Cyprinoids obtained by Captain J. H. Simpson in his expedition across the continent in 1858-1859, we were led to investigate the principles of classification adopted for the arrangement of the family of Cyprinoids, as it has been restricted by most recent naturalists. Our studies have led us to the belief that the Cyprinoids donot form a natural family, but rather:a suborder, and that the suborder itself may be divided into a num- ber of natural families.
Suborder Eventroenatur Gill.
This suborder embraces the numerous species known to the inhabitants of the United States as ‘‘ Shiners,’’ ‘‘ Dace,’’ “ Roach,’’ ‘‘Carp,’’ ‘‘Suckers,’’ &c., and is represented by species in the fresh water streams and lakes of almost every portion of the globe, with the exception of the continent of South America; they are there replaced by the herbivorous Characins.
Notwithstanding the cosmopolitan distribution of the suborder, there are few or no groups of fishes, whose mutual affinities are more unknown, and whose nomenclature and generic distinctions are so uncertain. Genera that are certainly very nearly allied, and even identical with each other, have been placed at almost opposite extremes of the family. Very closely allied species even have been equally far removed from each other, yet there are few groups which have been so much studied by naturalists as this has been.
The species of Asia have been especially studied by McClelland, Heckel, and by Dr. Bleeker; those of Europe, by Cuvier, Agassiz, Heckel, Kner, and the Prince of Canino. The American species have been arranged and described by Agassiz, Baird and Girard. All the known species found in every part of the world have been described by Valenciennes, and Bleeker has very recently published a synopsis of the entire suborder, in which all the known genera are described, and arranged in a new systematic order. With the full knowledge of all that has been done by those great zoologists, we have still no hesitation in asserting that much yet remains to be done, and that none of the proposed classifications or groupings of the genera and species are founded in nature.
The sukorder, as understood by us, includes only the true Cyprinoids of Agassiz, without teeth in the jaws, and with large falciform lower pharyngeal bones. It thus excludes the Cyprinodontoids, and all allied groups. Thus re- stricted, :t is an exceedingly natural group, and corresponds to the family of C yprinoids of most naturalists. But in the suborder, there exist several groups which differ essentially in form or anatomical peculiarities, and which appear
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NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 7
to be entitled to family rank. The chief and typical family is much the most extensive and widely distributed. The others are small and much more re- stricted in geographical distribution.
The following synopsis will exhibit the most obvious characteristics of the different families, and their geographical distribution. We do not pretend to group the various genera into subfamilies or tribes, where so many have failed ; it would be presumptuous for us, with the material at hand, to offer such an arrangement.
Family I. HOMALOPTEROID & Gill. Synonymy. Homaloptereformes Bleeker, Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indie,
vol. xx. p. 422 (subfamily. ) Balitora Cuv. et Val. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. xviii. p. 91, (genus.)
The body and head are depressed, and the inferior surface plane. The mouth is inferior and of small size. The pectoral and ventral fins are in the ' same plane, horizontal and subdisciform. The pectoral fins have numerous and branched rays. There are no spines before any of the fins. The pharyngeal bones have a single row of conical teeth.
This family exactly corresponds to the subfamily of Homaloptereformes of Dr. Bleeker, and the characters above given are nearly translated from his. The species are peculiar to the streams of India.
Family II. COBITOID@ Fitzinger.
Cobitide Fitzinger.
' Acanthopsides Heckel and Kner, Die Siisswasserfische des Ostreichischen monar- chie, p. 296.
Cobitiformes Bleeker, Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indie, vol. xx. p. 421.
The body and head are never depressed, but either subcylindrical or slightly compressed. The scales are very small, and almost concealed in the smooth mucous skin. The mouth is subterminal, the snout being little protuberant. The lips are thick, and provided with from six to twelve barbels. The pecto- ral fins have a broad, vertical base, and are inserted in the usual manner on the sides above the breast. The pectoral fins have each a simple spine; the others are without. The pharyngeal bones have a single row of teeth. The branchial apertures are small and restricted to the sides.
This family is confined to the fresh-water streams and lakes of Europe and Asia, both temperate and tropical, and the islands of the Sunda Molluccan Ar- chipelago. No species are found in either of the Americas. Are they not re- placed in the latter continents by the fresh water Siluroids and Trichomycte- roids ?
The family may be divided in two different subfamilies, distinguished by the position of the dorsal fin. In the typical Cobitine, that fin is placed immedi- ately over the ventralfins. Inthe other group, which may be called Acanthoph- thalmine, the dorsal is situated over the space between the ventral and ana! fins. Of the former four genera are known, and of the latter two.
Family III. CYPRINOID (Cuy.) Gill. Synonymy. Cyprinide partim Agassiz, auct. Cypriniformes Bleeker, Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsh Indie, vol. xx. p. 422 (snbfamily.) 1861.]
a
8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
The body is oblong or moderately elongated, compressed or subcylindrical, and covered with conspicuous scales of various size.*
The barbels vary in number from two to four, and in numerous genera are even entirely absent. The pectoral fins have broad vertical bases inserted in the usual manner on the sides above the breast ; they have each a simple ray. The dorsal and anal fins are either with or without spines, which themselves are either simple or dentated. The pharyngeal bones have one constant row of normally five teeth, or occasionally four, and often one or two supplemen- tary rows of from one to three smaller teeth. The branchial apertures are of moderate size, and separated from each other by an isthmus of little or mod- erate width.
The Cyprinoids, as limited above, form a very natural and homogeneous group; its genera have not yet been satisfactorily divided among subfamilies, nor have even the genera been naturally approximated to each other. The distribution of the species is almost world-wide, South America being the omy continent in which they are not found.
Family IV. CATASTOMOID A Gill. :
Synonymy. Catastomine Heckel. Catastomini Bleeker, Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indie, vol. xx. p. 427 (stirps.) Catastomus Lesueur, Journal of Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. i. (genus. )
The body is moderately elongated and subcylindrical, or oblong and com- pressed, covered by conspicuous scales. The month is always concealed from above by the protuberant snout, and surrounded by fleshy lips. There are no barbels. The pectoral fins have their vertical bases inserted in the usual man- ner on the sides above the breast. The pharyngeal bones have numerous teeth closely approximated, like those of a comb, in a single row, and com- pressed at right angles to the bone. The branchial apertures are moderate, and separated by the isthmus.
The Catostomi have some external and anatomical characters peculiar to themselves and distinguishing them from the other families of this suborder. They are, therefore, now regarded as forming a distinct family, They appear to be peculiar to North America. A species of Cyprinoid from Siberia has been described by Tilesius, which has been generally referred to the genus Catostomus, but it is too little known to positively refer it to any known genus. As, how- ever, there are arctic species of the family, the Tilesian species may quite pos- sibly be a true member of the group.
The family of Catastomoids may be divided into three subfamilies, chiefly characterized by the form of the body and the comparative form and length of the dorsal and anal fins.
The Catastomine have an oblong or moderately elongated and anteriorly subeylindrical body ; the dorsal fin subcentral and nearer the snout than the margin of the caudal fin; it is short and subquadrate, with from eleven (3,8) to sixteen (3,13) rays. The ventral fins are under the anterior, median or pos- terior parts of that fin. The anal fin high and short, placed nearer the base of the caudal than of the ventral fins.
The Cycleptin are characterized by the elongated body, which is subcylin- drical before, and by an elongated and falciform dorsal fin commencing over the interval between the pectoral and ventral fins, and extending as far back as the beginning of the anal fin.
* The genera Aulopyge of Heckel, Phorinellus of Heckel and Meda of Girard are desti- tute of scales. [ Jan.
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 9
The third subfamily is composed of species having an oblong-oval and com- pressed body. The dorsal fin is elongated, commencing over or before the ventral fins and proceeding backwards at least as far as the commencement of the anal fin; the anterior rays are usually much longer than the others. To this group the name of Bubalichthyine may be given. Carpiodes is the typical genus, but it would scarcely be proper to modify that name by the termination indicating a subfamily ; we have therefore accepted the above modification of the name Bubalichthys of Agassiz proposed for a genus of this subfamily.
Note on Ants in Texas. BY S. B. BUCKLEY.
The cities of the Cutting Ant (Myrmica Texana) are sometimes much larger than those described by me in an article published in the Journal of the Aca- demy. During the summer, I have measured some which extended beneath a surface having an average diameter of seventy feet ; and in one instance, their town was spread beneath an area of about one hundred feet. Their cellars, from six inches to two and three feet in diameter, are beneath this surface to the depth of from twelve to eighteen feet. The dirt brought up is in the form of a crater, to the edge of which they carry the ground excavated, where it is dropped, and rolls down the sides of the voleano-like hill, which is seldom more than eighteen inches high. The storms level the hills, and new ones are formed on them, until the dirt excavated is sometimes three feet deep. <A new city, or when more rooms are made in an old one, has at the surface the appearance of a model volcanic region with isolated craters and mountain ranges. In an old established town the surface of the ground around the main entrances is nearly level, in order that stores for home use may be easily brought in along their roads, extending into the country in all directions. Besides these paths there are underground avenues—as was mentioned in a former paper— whose outer doorways are several hundred feet distant from town, through which most of the grain and leaves used by them is carried. The digging of these tunnels is begua near the lower cellars, from whence they are extended to the outer entrances, around “which excavated dirt is seldom if ever found. That they store up food is very probable, nor can there be much doubt of it, since it is well known that they often abstain from work during several days in succession in the winter time. It is also well. known, in the region infested by them, that they carry large quantities of grain and leaves into their abodes. I have often seen the margins of their paths covered with segments of green leaves, where they are left to dry, after which they are taken below. The green fruit of the elm is treated in a similar manner. Itistrue that leaves and fruits are carried into town in a green state, but they surely would not dry a portion unless they wished to preserve it for future use. They do most of their work in the night time, especially in the summer season, when they do not jabor during the heat of the day. On one occasion our tent was inadvertently erected near one of their towns, and as we were about to spread our blankets for sleep, we found the ground almost covered with ants. We were driven to platforms for slumber. In the meantime the ants were actively engaged in carrying home fragments of biscuit and other things which had been dropped from our table; other parties of them packed the grains of corn strewed on the ground near the feed box of our mules and horses. I had been told that “ cut- ting ants” could carry the largest grains of corn, but did rot believe it; but at that time I saw some big grains move slowly along the ant path, and on close scrutiny could see that said grains were carried on the backs of the little ants. We were encamped near Judge Eastland’s, in Bastrop County, and the next morning the Judge brought over some bits of lead immersed in molasses, to test the strength of the ants. The pieces of lead were three and four times
1861.]
10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
larger than the ants, yet the ants being fond of sweet would struggle, until they succeeded in getting the sweetened metal on their backs, when they marched homeward. They are not fond of salt, and would not eat bacon or beans which had been cooked with it.
Among these ants are some big-headed giants who apparently are rulers and superintendents. I have frequently seen them move among the crowd here and there, as if to see that all were on duty. Not working themselves, they urge others to the task. It is said they punish delinquents by biting and shak- ing them, but I have not seen any such penalty inflicted. It may be that these large ants are the elders whose age exempts them from labor, and entitles them to the respect and submission of the younger of this community.
A gentleman in Bastrop County told me that to preserve his shelled grain and meal from the ‘‘ cutting ants” it was suspended in sacks by tarred ropes ; fresh tar being occasionally added. Itis difficult for them to shell corn; hence corn in the ear is rarely disturbed by the ‘‘ cutting ants.” I have not met with these ants north of latitude thirty one degrees, but how far east or west they extend I cannot tell. They are more numerous in the vicinity of rivers and water, but I have never seen their abodes in a bottom subject to overflow.
When I was in Lampasas County last October, at Swenson’s Saline, on a hill- side, I overturned a large rock, which left exposed a number of the cellars of the stinging ant, (Myrmica malefaciens.) In some of these cellars were large quantities of the seeds’of the amaranthus and other plants, nicely stored for future use. A gentleman in San Saba County informed me that, after a heavy rain, the “stinging ants,” at one of their dens near his wheat field, brought up at least half a bushel of wheat and spread it around their outer door to dry, after which it was again conveyed below.
In this climate, where during the winter cold and warm weather alternately prevail, many species of ants do not become torpid; but in their deep cellars where the cold does not come, they lay up food for use in times of northers, and when the warm weather comes their labors are renewed. It is seldom that they are hindered by cold from work more than a week at any one time.
Descriptions of new Species of Scolopendra, in the collection of the Academy.
BY HORATIO C. WOOD, JR. S. byssina, nobis.
S. saturate viridis, capite castaneo; autennis ?18 articulatis; dente mandi- bulari gracile, dentibus labialibus 10, parvis, nigris ; superficie ventrali brunneo- olivacea; pedibus gracilibus, antennisque luteolis, postremis articulo basali intus 3, subtus 2 spinis, processu angulari bifido vel trifido ; appendicibus anali-
bus lateralibus punctatis, singula spinis apicalibus 3. Long. une. 3. Hab. Florida?
S. parva, nobis. S. viridi-brunnea, segmentis plerumque saturaté viride marginatis ; antenni viridibus, 25 articulatis; dentibus 8, nigris, obtusis ; pedibus postremis robustis, articulo basali margine haud elevato, intus 5 spinulis, subtus 12-15 spinulis, processu angulari magno, quadrifido; appendicibus analibus lateralibus pune- tatis, singula spinis apicalibus 4-5 et altero marginale armata. Long. unc. 3.
The first segment of the body is the smallest, the third next. The sutures be- tween sternum and episternum well marked, those between scuta and episcuta barely traceable. The preterminal scuta is very large, its lateral margins in all our specimens are regularly arched. The terminal scuta has a strongly de- pressed central groove, marking, we suppose, the line of embryonic coalescence of the two primitive scuta.
Hab. Mountains of Georgia. Dr. LeConte.
[J an.
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. lL
S. castaneiceps, nobis.
S. viridis, capite antennisque castaneis ; segmentis margine posteriore caeruleo tiacto ; antennis 25 articulatis; dente mandibulari producto, gracile; dentibus labialibus 10, intimis tribus utrinque coadunatis; pedibus plerumque luteolis ; postremis saturate viridibus, articulo basali intus quinquespinoso, subtus spinis 9 serie triplici dispositis ; appendicibus analibus lateralibus brunneis, elongatis, singula spinis apicalibus 5; superficie ventrali sordidé viride. Long. unc. 3°75.
Prebasilar fold connate with basilar segment; the suture, however, well marked, existing asa deep groove. First pair of legs tinged with chestnut. Preanal scale quadrate, much narrowed posteriorly, impressed with a longitu- dinal sulcus.
Hiab. Texas. Dr. Rand.
S. polymorpha, nobis.
S. olivaceo-brunnea, capite dilute castaneo; antennis 30 articulatis, pedi- busque luteolis ; dente mandibulari tuberculo basali magno; dentibus labiali- bus 8, maximis, intimis duobus utrinque coadunatis, externis sejunctis ; segmen- tis margine posteriore nigro-viride, marginis lateralibus plerumque liberis ; pedibus postremis robustis, articulo basali intus 7-10 spinis, subtus 8-12 spinis armato, processu angulari aut bifido aut trifido aut quadrifido; appendicibus analibus lateralibus, singula 4-5 spinis apicalibus. Long. une. 3.
Prebasilar fold apparent, but connate with the rather large basilar segment. First segment of body very small, suture between scutum and episcutum barely traceable, that between sternum and episternum much more distinct. Basal joint of last pair of legs, above flattened and apparently grooved, below very convex ; the internal surface having near to its proximal end a group of from five to seven spines, and several scattered ones on its distal portion; lower surface with from eight to ten spines disposed 1 in rows. This may be considered the typical ar- rangement, but we have very numerous departures from it; in some individuals the spines are irregularly scatttered over the whole interior and inferior surfaces. The color also varies greatly, shading off from that given above, to a testaceous- chestnut, the posterior green bands entirely vanishing. Even the characters drawn from the labial teeth are not constant in this perplexing species, these organs in some individuals being small and coadnate. One of our testaceous specimens has attained to the length of three and one-half inches.
Hab. Fort Riley, Kansas. Presented by Dr. Hammond.
S. prasinipes, nobis.
S. obscuré nigro-viridis, sesmento cephalico cordato, basali magno; capite subtus rufo; pedibus, postremis exceptis, antennisque laeté prasinis ; mandibulis rufis, dente magno ; dentibus labialibus 6, intimis duobus utrinque latis, coadu- natis, externo acuto, sejuncto; pedibus postremis, singula articulo basali rufo, multispinoso, processu angulari 4-5 spinis armato ; appendicibus analibus later- alibus elongatis, singula 4-5 spinis. Long. unc. 10:25.
Dental plates small, quadrate, punctate. Suture between scuta and episcuta well marked. Distal extremity of the femoral joints of all the anterior legs with from three to four spines, of the metatarse with one. First joint of pos- terior pair of legs the longest, somewhat flattened above. Preanal scale quad- rate, much narrowed posteriorly.
Hab. Island of Trinidad.
S. epileptica, nobis. A
S. rufo-castanea, robusta, capite segmento basali maximo; deute mandibulari magno; dentibus labialibus 8, internis tribus utrinque valde coaduaatis; an- tennis 17 articulatis, elongatis ; scuta terminali media subcarinata; superficie ventrali laeté castanea; pedibus plerumque luteolis; postremis magnis, articulo basali spinis validis 20-25, processu angulari magno, multifido, articulo tibiali spinis i-3 ; appendicibus analibus lateralibus minuté punctatis, singula spinis apicalibus 5-7; squama preanali elongata. Long. unc. 9.
1861.]
12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
Prebasilar fold connate with basilar segment, the suture however well marked, existing as a deep groove. First segment of the body very much the smallest. Antennae generally yellowish, in some specimens chestnut. Scuta generally much widened posteriorly, their lateral margins arcuate and furnished with an elevated crest. Posterior margin of terminal scuta very strongly arcuate, the lateral borders, however, almost straight. Suture between scuta and episcuta traceable in most of the segments. Distal extremities—of femora of all the an- terior legs armed, each, witha tubercle bearing from two to four small spines— of tibia with a single minute spine—of metatarsae, with a longer but very slen- der one; claw large, furnished with two spines at its base. Femoral joints of last pair of legs longer than tibial, somewhat flattened above, each armed—on superior surface with six spines, forming two triangles—on internal margin and surface with from ten to twelve,—on inferior surface with from four to six.
Hab. Unknown.
S. limicolor, nobis.
S. diluté castanea, antennis 18 articulatis; dente mandibulari amplo, gracile ; dentibus labialibus 10, intimis utrinque quatuor valde coadunatis, extimo sejuncto, acuto; pedibus postremis gracilibus, basali articulo utrinque bispinoso, processu angulari bifido ; appendicibus analibus lateralibus punctatis, spina terminali simplice. Long. unc, 4:5.
Prebasilar fold absent: basilar segment large. Color of belly and feet very similar to that of the back, perhaps a little lighter. Preanal scale much nar- rowed posteriorly, short. Sutures between scuta and episcuta, and between sternum and episternum, well marked.
Hab. Bengal.
S. gracilipes, nobis.
S. brunnea, segmento cephalico parvo, prebasali nullo, basali maximo; an- tennis 20 articulatis; dente mandibulari et tuberculo basali magnis, dentibus labialibus 8, parvis, multo coadunatis; pedibus postremis gracilibus, articulo basali 7 spinulis in serie duplici dispositis ; appendicibus analibus lateralibus elongatis, punctatis, singula 3 spinulis armata; squama preanali posticé emar- ginata. Long. une. 3.
Color brown, with a lighter narrow stripe along centre of dorsum. Posterior margin of sternal plates rounded. Terminal angular process of last pair of legs scarcely developed. Our specimen is probably a young animal.
Hab. Singapore. Presented by Sandwith Drinker.
S. dinodon, nobis.
S. saturate brunnea, segmento cephalico magno, prebasali nullo, basali magpo ; antennis 18 articulatis, pubescentibus ; dente mandibulari maximo, dentibus la- bialibus 12, parvis, nigris; pedibus postremis, singula articulo basali intus spinis magnis 3-4, subtus 2, armato; processu angulari elongato, obscure trifido ; ap- pendicibus analibus lateralibus punctatis, spinis apicalibus utrinque 3, parvis. Long. une. 5.
Last pair of legs, as well as mandibles, inclining to rufous; femoral joint a little longer than tibial, flattened above ; terminal angular process terminating in a large spine with two very small ones at the base, Sterna marked on p9s- terior border with three light colored dots, the middle one being generally much the most conspicuous. Preanal scale somewhat elongate, impressed with an obsolescent longitudinal sulcus.
Hab. Singapore. Presented by Sandwith Drinker.
S. cephalica, nobis.
S. diluté castanea, robusta, capite amplissimo; dente mandibulari magno, dentibus labialibus 10, nigris, tuberculis similibus, vix coadunatis ; antennis 19 articulatis; segmentis alternis minoribus; pedum postremam basali articulo
[Jan.
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NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 13
utriague bispinoso, processu angulari simplice ; appendicibus analibus laterali- bus punctatis, spina apicali interdum bifida. Long. une. 4-5.
The first segment of each pair is the smaller, until we reach the fourth couple, where the order is reversed and so continues to the end. The scuta of the preterminal segment is remarkable for its size and has its posterior angles rounded. The suture between the scuta and episcuta is obsolete, that between the sternal and episternal plates very distinct.
Hab. West Coast of Africa. Presented by John Cassin.
? Var. gracilis.
S. cephalic similima, adhuc multo gracilior; cephalico segmento et dente mandibulari multo minoribus ; segmentis alternis minus inequalibus; dentibus labialibus acutioribus. Long. unc. 5°75.
Having but a single individual of each of these forms we prefer to retain this as a variety, although it will perhaps be found to be a distinct species. The two specimens are very different in their general appearance, but agree re- markably in their minute characteristics.
Hab, With the last. Presented by John Cassin.
8. parvidens, nobis.
S. olivaceo-viridis ; segmento cephalico, antennis pedibusque luteolis ; segmen- to prebasali nullo, basali magno; dentibus 10, parvis; pedum postremum arti- culo basali spinis 4-6 armato, processu angulari elongato, bifido vel trifido ; ap- pendicibus analibus lateralibus luteolis, punctatis, singula spinis apicalibus 2. Long. une. 4.
Head darker than antenne, feet, &c., mandibular tooth rather large. Ven- tral surface drab. Sutures between sternal and episternal plates distinct. Posterior margin of terminal scuta strongly arcuate. Femora of last pair of legs longer than tibiz, superior surface flattened and in one of our specimens slightly grooved. Preanal scale, quadrate, slightly narrowed posteriorly, pos- terior margin rounded.
Hab. Ningpoo, China. Dr. D. B. B. McCartee.
S. torquata, nobis.
S. dilute ochracea, capite segmentisque postremis rufis ; sesmento prebasali nullo, basali maximo; antennis 17 articulatis, laeté luteis; dente mandibulari magno, dentibus labialibus 6, obtusis ; segmentis posticé diluté viride margi- natis ; superficie ventrali pedibusque anterioribus luteis; pedibus postremis gracilibus, castaneis, articulo femorali elongato, 30-40 spinulis nigris armato, processu angulari multifido. Long. une. 4.
First segment of body much the smallest; color of back approaches some- what to a faded chestnut, the posterior segments losing the green margin, but obtaining a much redder hue. Distal extremity of last pair of legs, tinged with olive green. WLateral anal appendages sub-quadrate, their posterior margin rather sharp and provided with a minute black spine, their termi- nal process provided with 7 similar ones. Suture between scuta and episcuta better marked than that between sternum and episternum. Our specimen is perhaps not an adult.
Hab. Sombrero Island.
S. pella, nobis. 1
S. olivaceo-brunnea, capite castaneo, segmento prebasali nullo, segmento basali maximo; antennis 20 articulatis; dente mandibulari magno; dentibus labialibus 10, nigris, tribus internis utrinque valdé coadunatis ; pedum postre- morum articulo basali et secundo marginibus elevatis ; illo, margine interiore 4—5 spinis, superficie inferiore 8-9 spinis serie triplici dispositis, processu an- gulari trifido vel quadrifido ; appendicibus analibus lateralibus punctatis, sin- gula, 4-5 spinis apicalibus. Long. une. 3.
Dental lamina somewhat elongate. Basilar tubercle of mandibular tocth
1861.]
14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
often composed of an aggregation of minute tubercles. Basal joint of last pair of legs a little longer than tibial, the superior surface flattened, inferior convex, raised margin not so prominent as that of the tibia. Breadth of preanal scale rather great proportionably to its length.
Hab. Surinam, Dr. Calhoun.
S. punctiscuta, nobis.
S. olivacea, capite rufo-castaneo, segmentorum corporalium margine pos- teriore et pleurumque anteriore viridis ; superficie ventrali castanea ; antennis 17 articulatis; dentibus 8, parvis, nigris, intimis tribus utrinque valde coadu- natis; pedibus antennisque flavescentibus; pedis postremis articulo basali supra bispinoso, intus sexspinoso, subtus septemspinosa, processu angulari trifida ; tibiali articulo 5 spinis; appendicibus analibus lateralibus punctatis, elongatis, singula 3-4 spinis apicalibus et altero marginale armatis. Long. unc, 4°75.
Cephalic as well as large basilar segment punctate, impressed with sutures, between some of the plates, which are separate during embryonic life. Suture between scuta and episcuta, and in one or two instances between the two true scuta well marked. Scuta punctate and finely chased on posterior border. Distal extremities of metatarse of all anterior legs provided with a slender spine ; claw armed with asmall one near its base. Preanal scale quadrate, nar- rowed posteriorly.
Hab. Caraccas. W. G. Boulton, Esq.
S. puncticeps, nobis.
S. brunneo olivacea; segmento basali maximo; antennis 17 articnlatis; dente mandibulari magno, robusto; dentibus labialibus 6, validibus, intimis duobus utrinque coadunatis, extimo sejuncto; laminis dentalibus excavatis ; pedibus postremis elongatis, articulo femorali spinis 15-20, processu angulari trifido, articulo tibiali spinulis 3-5 : appendicibus analibus lateralibus saturate brunneis, singula spinis apicalibus 2-3 et interdum altero marginale. Long. unc. 45.
Cephalic segment punctate ::prebasilar fold connate with basilar segment, the line of junction, however, indicated by a deep furrow in the latter. First seg- ment the smallest, the third next. Suture between the scuta and episcuta, well marked in middle segments of the body. Distal extremities of the femoral joints of the nineteenth and twentieth pairs of legs provided with from two to four small spines.
Hab. Unknown.
S. atra, nobis.
S. brunneo-atra, segmento cephalico magno, prebasali nullo, basali maximo ; dente mandibulari maximo; dentibus labialibus 12, conicis, vix coadunatis ; pedibus postremis gracilibus, articulo femorali spinis 4-5 armato ; appendicibus analibus lateralibus elongatis, singula spinis apicalibus 2. Long. une. 4-75.
Color of whole animal brownish black with an almost metallic reflection on the back and a reddish tinge about the head. The scutal plate of preterminal segment is very large, equalling any other in size. Preanal scale impressed with a longitudinal sulcus, its posterior border greatly rounded.
Hab. Unknown.
S. plumbeolatus, nobis.
S. olivaceo-brunnea, segmento cephalico obscure castaneo, prebagali nullo, basali magno ; dente mandibulari magno, gracile; dentibus labialibus 10, par- vis, nigris ; antennis 18 articulatis, sordidé luteolis ; lateribus plumbeis; pedi- bus postremis gracilibus, articulo femorali 5 spinis, processu angulari interdum bifido ; appendicibus analibus lateralibus punctatis, spinis apicalibus utringue duobus. Long. une. 4. :
First, third and fifth segments the smallest. Posterior margin of some of
{Jan.
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 15
the scuta tinged with green. Suture’ between sternum and episternium well marked. Legs of anterior portion of body, a dirty light yellow, gradually darkening as they approach the anus.
Hab. St. Jago, Cape Verde Islands. Dr. J. M. Somerville.
S. testacea, nobis.
S. testacea, segmento cephalico parvo, prebasali nullo, basali maximo; dentibus 6, intimis duobus utrinque latis coadunatis, externo sejuncto triangu- lari; antennis 17 articulatis ; pedibus postremis robustis, basaliarticulo multi- spinoso; appendicibus analibus lateralibus, punctatis, rufis, singula 4-6 spinis apicalibus et altero marginale. Long. unc. 5.
First segment of body much the smallest. Femoral joint of posterior pair of legs flattened above; inner surface and margin with from fifteen to twenty small black spines ; inferior surface with from ten to fifteen; terminal angular process with from six to eight.
Hab. Unknown,
S. porphyratainia, nobis.
S. testacea, capite antennisque rufis ; segmentis, (postremo excepto,) antice et postice nigro-purpurea late marginata; pedibus luteolis ; dente mandibulari magno, dentibus labialibus 10, nigris; antennis 20 articulatis; pedibus pos- tremis robustis, basali articulo margine exteriore vix elevato, margine interiore spinulis 5, processu angulari elongato, trifido vel quadrifido, superficie inferiore spinulis 9 triplici serie dispositis; appendicibus analibus lataralibus alte punc- tatis, singula spinis apicalibus 4-5 etaltero marginale armatis. Long. unc. 4-75.
The last dorsal plate has its lateral margins elevated and its posterior tinged with purple. The posterior border of the large basilar segment of the head has also a narrow band of purple. The broad bands which ornament the seg- ments of the body extend down somewhat upon the sides; in the day time they have in some lights a slight greenish reflection. This species is allied to S. tigrina Newp.; but, besides the peculiar coloration, it differs in the followine particulars: In the number both of joints of antennz and of labial teeth. in the scarcely elevated margin of femoral joint of last pair of legs, in ereater length of this joint compared with tibial, in two of the series of spines on in ferior surface of the joint being parallel, in the robustness of posterior pair of legs, in greater number of apical spines to lateral anal appendages and other particulars. The antenne appear to have been tipped with whice.
Hab. India.
'
Observations on Cottus Copei, Abbott. BY CHAS. C. ABBOTT.
Having received a living specimen of the above named species, I deem it necessary to make a re-diagnosis of the species, as the original Specimen, hay- ing been an alcoholic one, and somewhat distorted, led to several errors. which it is important to- correct.
This species is closely allied to Cottus viscosus, Hald. and C. Fran k- linii, Agass., but differs essentially from the former in the facial outline Jrom the eye, making a much less abrupt curve; thus giving the snout greater ae tenuation. In the mouth being more deeply cleft, and much more obliquely. In the body being strictly cylindrical, and not subcylindrical. It differs from C. Franklinii, in the tips of the pectorals overreaching the anterior margin of the second dorsal. In the anterior margin of the first dorsal being farther distant Jrom the extremity of the snout. In the body, as it differs from viscosus. The proper diagnosis will then be
Cottus Copei, Abb.—Corpore cylindrico. Extremitatibus pinnarum pec- toralium porrectis ad anteriorem dorsalis secunde# marginem. Pinnis yentrali- bus sub pectorales et ante dorsalem anteriorem, insertis.
1861.]
16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
Appendiz to the ‘‘Monograph of the PHILYPNI,”’ and description of the genus LEMBUS of Gunther.
BY THEODORE GILL.
In the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences for April, 1860, (pages 120 to 126,) there has been given a monograph of the Philypni, of which two genera, represented by three species, were described. Some time after the publication of that memoir, the first volume of the “ Catalogue of the Acan- thopterygian Fishes’ of the British Museum, was received. Dr. Albert Gtn- ther, the author, among the addenda of that volume, has deseribed a new generic form founded on a species discovered by Mr. Fraser in the Andes of Ecuador ; the new genus was named Lembus, and is said to be “a true repre- sentative in South America of the Perches of the Arctic regions.” In its general appearance, it is stated to resemble Lucioperca, or some of the other elongate Perches.
A perusal of the generic and specific diagnoses of Dr. Giinther has con- vinced us that there must be some error in the reference of his new form to the family of Percoids.
In the diagnosis of the genus, there is said to be no lateral line, and the first dorsal has seven slender spines.
In the specific description, the branchiostegal membrane is stated to be ‘ fixed to the isthmus, without touching that of the other side,” and “ the ventral is in- serted exactly under the pectoral, and composed of one feeble spine and five rays, the fourth of which is the longest, nearly reaching to the vent,” “The pseudobranchiz are absent.’? ‘ The opercles are neither serrated nor armed.
As none of these characteristics are common to the true Percoids, great doubt may be entertained as to the propriety of referring a fish with such features to that family. And as in all of those same characters, it resembles the Gobioids, and especially the Eleotroid genera, we entertain little or no doubt that it is really a member of the same family.
One of Gunther’s generic characters is the presence of a “ band of villiform teeth on the jaws and on the vomer.” There are six branchiostegals. The genus, therefore, belongs to the group of Philypni.*
The scales are described as ‘rather small, ctenoid, pentangular, with the basal margin vertical.” This form of the scales is a common feature of the Gobioids with ctenoid scales, and although only the descriptive phase “‘ctenoid ” is applied, it is not to too much to infer that, like its fallies, Lembus has the scales simply pectinated on their posterior margins. The form of the body is described as resembling that of Lucioperca; Lembus is consequently on account of the size and pectination of the scales, and the general form of the body, more nearly allied to Philypnus as restricted by _us than to Bostrichthys. The true generic characters, so far as can be gathered from the description, appear to be the following:
Lempus Giinther. Synonymy. Lembus Giinther, “Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fish,” &c., vol. i. p. 505, 1860. Head elongated, above depressed, and flat between the eyes. Mouth large, the supramaxillary bones extending to or beyond the vertical of the anterior border of the eye; lower jaw projecting beyond the upper; nostrils distant;
*The pseudobranchie are absent, so far as yet known, only in the genera Cnidon of Muller and Troschel, and Lates of Cuvier among the Percoids. The preoperculum is sometimes entire in some of the Percoid genera, but the operculum has always one or more spines. The Etheostomoids have the inner rays of the ventrals longer than the €xternal, but they are much more nearly related to Gobioids than to Percoids.
[Jan.
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 17
the posterior is near the upper angle of the orbit ; the anterior is minute, and close to the upper extremity of the maxillary bone. Eyes of moderate size. Branchial apertures lateral. Scales ctenoid, at least on the trunk ; small scales extending over the entire head, except the snout. Anterior dorsal fin with seven rays.
From the above description, it is evident that the genus is very nearly allied to Philypnus, and may perhaps be even identical with it. It probably, how- ever, differs by having the branchial apertures more restricted and not extend- ing so far forwards; by the more distant nostrils, which are not described as having raised margins, and possibly the smaller size of the scales on the head. The anterior dorsal has also seven rays, while Philypnus has only six, in common with most of the Gobioids. But all of these distinctions remain to be verified, and it is hoped that the author will give the true characters in that volume of his work in which the Gobioids will be described.
Although Dr. Gunther appears to have been undoubtedly mistaken as to the affinities of his genus Lembus, the excellence and appropriateness of his de- scription have left us in no doubt as to its true relations. The genital papilla is not mentioned as being present, but it was undoubtedly overlooked.
A single species of Lembus is known.
LEMBUS MACULATUS Giinther. Synonymy. Lembus maculatus Giinther, Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fishes, &c., vol. i. p. 505.
The species is thus characterized by Giinther :
“ Yellowish, irregularly spotted with blackish, back with five dark cross- bars; a black blotch behind the extremity of the operculum; three blackish streaks radiating from the eye, the vertical fins dotted with blackish.”
There are fifty-seven scales in a longitudinal line, and twenty-two (?) in a transverse line.
The radial formula is is B. 6. D. vii. I. 9, A. ii. 9.
There are now known, if Lembus is really distinct from Philypnus, three genera of the Philypnoid group.
I. Puintypncus Val.
Represented by species dwelling in the seas, on the eastern and western sides of tropical America, and ascending the fresh water streams.
IJ. Lempus Giinther. With one species inhabiting the mountain streams of Ecuador.
III. Bostricarays (Dum.) Gill.
Peculiar to the temperate and tropical waters of eastern and southern Asia.
Norge. In the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for January to June, 1860 page 236, which we have only now seen, Dr. Giinther has remarked that his Lem- bus maculatus has ‘‘a prominent papilla near the vent, and is nearly allied to Philypnus.” We take much pleasure in recording Dr. Giinther’s own correc- tion of his error. It is at the same time due to ourselves to remark that we had shortly after the reception of the ‘Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fish,” alluded to, in letters to two ichthyological friends, the affinity of Zemdus and Philypnus, and that we had at nearly the same time in conversation with several others, expressed the same opinion. We allow the remarks and de- scriptions to stand that we then composed.
1861.] 2
18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
Synopsis of American Cretaceous Brachiopoda. BY W. M. GABB.
The paucity of species of this order in the cretaceous formation of North America is worthy of note. Among nearly a thousand species of mollusca, not a dozen, in all, have as yet been discovered and characterized. This arises doubtless from the -fact that the only beds of the formation, yet demonstrated on this continent, belong to the higher members. The upper chalk comprises all the strata east of the Mississippi, and may include all west of that stream, although paleontological evidence seems to indicate the existence of the lower chalk, in the strata designated as Nos. 1 and 2 of Meek and Hayden’s section in Nebraska, as well as part, if not all, of No. 3 of the same authors. The same deposits appear to exist in Texas, and may be found to cover a large extent of the yet unexplored regions of the West. Two or three upper greensand fossils have been mentioned as occurring in Texas, but as far as my opportunities of comparison have gone, I am satisfied that they are distinct. This is the case with the two species referred by Dr. Roemer, in his ‘‘ Kreidebildungen von Texas,’’ to Pecten virgatus, Nils., and Trigonia crenulata, Lam.
TEREBRATULA, Lam.
T. Harlani, Morton. Silliman’s Journal, v. 18, pl. 3, f. 16.
T. perovalis, M., not Sow. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., i. ser., v. 6, pl. 3.
T. camilla, M. Syn. 70.
T. Harlani, M. Syn. 70, pl. 3, f. 1, and pl. 9, f. 8, 9.
T. fragilis, Morton, not Schlot. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., v. 6, p. 75, pl. 3, f. 3, 4.
T. Atlantica, M. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., i. s., v. 8, p. 214.
T. subfragilis, d’Orb. Prod. Pal. v. 2, p. 258.
This species appears to be rather commo: in New Jersey. I have seena deposit in the marl pits of Hon. Nathan Stratton, near Mullica Hill, Nees almost entirely made up of the broken shells. In other places they are generally found whole. They vary very much in form. Sometimes the sides are as straight as the figure given in the Journal of the Academy, Ist ser., v. 6, pl. 3, f. 1; while other specimens are much more orbicular than the figures of the form referred by Dr. Morton to 7. perovalis of Sowerby, and afterwards ealled 7. camilla. The convexity of the valves varies, although generally the wider the shell, the flatter is the surface of the valves. Sometimes again, they show no traces of plications, and at others they are strongly plicate. [ have made a careful comparison of nearly a hundred specimens of this and the form called 7. frayilis by Dr. Morton, and I am compelled to believe, against my preconceived ideas to the contrary, that they are only wide varieties of the same species. True, there is no difficulty in separating the typical forms of the two, so-called, species; but, after so disposing of two-thirds of the specimens, I found some of the same size and shape as /ragt/is with no plications, except the faint ridges of the typical form of Harlan, while others, having all the other characters of 7. Harlani, have plications nearly as deep as Dr. Morton’s type of 7. fragilis. The specimens of the latter form are not so common asthe other. M. d’Orbigny, in Prodrome de Pal. Strat., proposes ithe name sub/ragilis in place of fragilis, which was pre-oceupied by Schlotheim. I have never seen this species, except from New Jersey and Delaware.
T. Wacoensis, Rem. Kreid. Tex., p. 81, pl. 6, fig. 2. ‘Appears to be common in Texas.
T. Leonensis, Con. Emory’s Report, v. 1, p. 164, pl. 21, f. 2.
Very closely related to Wacoensis, but appears to be longer and more narrowed anteriorly. I am only acquainted with this species by means of the description cand figure quoted above.
Iocality. Texas.
[Jan.
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 19
T. Choctawensis, Shumard, Marcy’s Report, p. 195, pl. 2, f. 3.
From the description given of this species, it would appear to be distinet from 7. Waceensis, but I have specimens in my collection intermediate in form between the two. The figure given is almost useless for the purpose of identification, but seems to me to be nothing but a young specimen of Romer’s species, a little more gibbous than usual. The slight difference of outline is not of enough importance to warrant their separation.
T. Guadalupe, Rem. Kreide. von Texas, p. 82, pl. 6, f. 3.
Resembles a terebratulina, especially in the hinge margin of the ventral valve; but if the figure is correct, in regard toe the form of the area cf the dorsal valve, it is a true Terebratula.
TEREBRATELLA, @’Orb.
T. plicata, d’Orb. Prod. Pal., v. 2, p. 259. T. Sayi, Gabb, 1859. Cat. Cret., p. 17, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1859. Terebratula plicata, Say. Silliman’s Jour. v. 2, p. 43. Terebratula Sayt, Morton. Synopsis, p. 71, pl. 3, f. 3, 4. Common in New Jersey.
T. Vanuxemiana, d’Orb. Prod. Pal., v. 2, p. 259. Terebratula, id., Lyelland Forbes. Quart. Jour. Geol. So., London, v. 1, p. 62. Resembles the preceding species, but is undoubtedly distinct. It is found in New Jersey, but is rare.
TEREBRATULINA, d’Orb.
T. Floridina, d@’Orb. Prod. Pal., v. 2, p. 258. Terebratula, id., Morton. Synopsis, p. 72, pl. 16, f. 7. Frem the Cretaceous limestone of Alabama.
T. lachryma, d’Orb. Prod. Pal., 396. Terebratula, id., Morton. Synopsis, p. 72, pl. 10, f. 11, and pl. 16, f. 6. Said by Dr. Morton to occur in South Carolina, and in Alabama, in beds, since referred to the Eocene. M. d’Orbigny places it in the lower Eocene. This is incorrect, since I have it from the Cretaceous marls of New Jersey.
T. Halliana, n.s.
Suborbicular, flattened, most convex near the upper portion. The. sides slope towards the beak for about a third of the length of the shell. The lower portion of the shell is rounded, presenting a very obscure angulation where the lateral margins unite with the basal; basal margin faintly sinuous. Lower valves regularly but moderately convex, with the sinus only visible on the lower fourth ; foramen moderately large, area high. Upper valve convex for half its length, but in old specimens flat or concave for the remainder : hinge margin of the upper valve sloping distinctly from the beak, laterally. Surface marked by numerous rounded dichotomous ribs, crossed by very fine concentric lines.
This species differs from 7. lachryma in form, so that a glance will serve to distinguish it. Itresembles 7. Floridana in shape, but the outline is somewhat more rounded than the specimen figured in ‘‘ Synopsis.’’ It differs, however, in having a more distinct sinus, in being less gibbous, and in the ribs being more prominent, larger and not so numerous. It gives me great pleasure to dedicate this beautiful species to the most able student of American Brachiopoda, Prof. Jas. Hall, of Albany, N. Y.
Locality. New Jersey. .
The only species of the family Lingulide yet known, is
Lingula subspatulata, Halland Meek, 1855. Mem. Am. Acad., Boston, Zs.,V.5, p. 380, pl. 1.
1861.]
20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
Pursuant to the By-Laws of the Academy, an election of the mem- bers of the Standing Committees for 1861 was held, with the following
result : ETHNOLOGY.
J. A. Metres, S. S. HanpEmMAN, T. G. Morton.
COMP. ANAT. AND PHYSIOLOGY.
Jos. LEIpy, Jas. M. Corse, J. H. Stack.
MAMMALOGY.
J. H. Siack, JoHN CASSIN, J. L. Le Conte.
ORNITHOLOGY.
JOHN CASSIN, . Tuos. B. Wizson, S. W. Woopnouse.
HERPETOLOGY § ICHTHYOLOGY.
Rh. Bripess, J. CHEsSTON Morris, J. L. LeConrs, |
CONCHOLOGY.
T. A. ConraD, W. G. BINNEY, C. J. CLEBORNE.
ENTOMOLOGY AND CRUSTACEA.
Rosert BRIDGES, J. L. Le Conte, K. T. Cresson.
BOTANY.
K. Duranp, J. DARRACH, Jos. CARSON.
GEOLOGY.
Isaac Lra, Cus. E. Smita, J. P. Lesiey.
MINERALOGY.
Wo. 8S. Vaux, J. C. TRAUTWINE, T. D. Ranp.
PALAEONTOLOGY.
Jos. Lrrpy, T. A. Conran, Wm. M. Gaps.
PHYSICS.
B. Howarp Ranp, Wm. M. Unter, JAmEs ©. Booru.
LIBRARY.
Wo. 8. Vaux, Jos. LErvy, J. D. SERGEANT.
PROCEEDINGS.
J. L. Le Contr, Jos. Lripy,
Wm. S. Vaux. Jas. C. FIsHER, THos. STEWARDSON.
[Jan.
———
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. om |
February 5th. Mr. LEA, President, in the Chair.
Thirty-one members present.
The following papers were presented for publication :
“Synonymy of the Cyclades, &c. No.2. By Temple Prime.”
‘““Synopsis of the Subfamily Clupinze, with descriptions of new genera, by Theodore Gill.”
“ Descriptions of twenty-five new species of Unionide from Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee and Florida, by Isaac Lea.”
And were referred to committees.
February 12th. Mr. Lea, President, in the Chair.
Forty-five members present.
The following papers were presented for publication :
“ Descriptions of new recent shells from the coast of South Carolina, by Edmund Ravenel.”
“Synopsis of the Subfamily Percine, by Theodore Gill.”
‘“ Synopsis generum Rhyptici et affinium, by Theodore Gill.”
“Description of a new species of Neritina, from Coosa river, Ala- bama, by Isaac Lea.”
“Descriptions of two new species of Anodonta, from Arctic America, by Isaac Lea.” -
And were referred to committees.
Dr. LeConte stated in regard te the species of Anableps. described in the Proceedings of last month, by Mr. Gill, as A. Dowii, that he had seen it in great abundance, not only in the bay of La Union, San Salvador, but in all the streams emptying into the Gulf of Fonseca, and also in the small tributaries of the Rio Lempa, as far as the town of Virtud, a great distance from the ocean. The method of swimming is very peculiar; the fishes are seen in groups on the surface of the water, with their eyes projecting ; they are easily alarmed, and very active. They are known to the natives under the name cuatro-ojos, in allusion to the transverse black band which divides the iris.
é <
Mr. Gabb remarked that he had recently had an opportunity of conversing with Messrs. Meek and Hayden in regard to the Geological formations of the far West, and of examining the fossils brought by the numerous Government expeditions from that region. He said, ‘‘I have seen both the Gryphea calceola and the Ostrea Marshii,’’ referred to by Prof, Marcou, in his letter, read to the Academy on December 11th, of last year.
‘* Prof. Marcou was laboring under a false impression in regard to those species, and thus misled me. The form referred to by Messrs. Meek and Englemann asG. calceola, is that figured by Quenstedt on pl. 48, figs. 2, 3and 4, and called by Reemer Ostrea calceola. The form illustrated by fig. 1 of the same plate has never been found. It is even doubtful whether the Western
1861 ]
22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
fossil is at all identical with the European species ; but it is not sufficiently distinct to warrant a separation with the amount of material collected.
There can be no doubt, however, that this species (even were it found in the same beds with ‘‘ G. Tucumcarii’’), is certainly distinct from that species, The principal points of difference are—G. ealceola(?) is a short abrupt oyster, with a large surface of attachment, and in every instance yet known with the beak totally obliterated. It is found in a bed not only with very different lithological characters, but belonging to a different horizon from those con- taining the G. Pitcherii.
The ‘‘ plicated oyster, closely allied to O. Marshit,’’ is im several important points very distinct from that species. It has been called by Mr. Meek O. Englemannii. It is of the type of O. Marshii, has strong plications, but differs mainly in the area. I have examined twenty or thirty specimens, and compared them with all the figures of the European species to which I have had access. The area of O. Marshii is at least four times as long as that of O. Englemannii. There are other characters also which would serve to distin- guish them; as yet, the true UO. Marshii has never been found in America.
Through the kindness of my friend, Dr. Janeway, I have obtained some specimens of Gryphwa Pitcherii, from the Indian Territory, near the Choctaw mission, and I believe I now have the means of proving the identity of the true G. Pitcherii with the form called by Prof. Marcon, G. dilatata, var. Tucumcarii.
With the aid of Prof. Marcou’s figures, 1 to 3, pl. 4, on one hand, and Dr. Morton’s types on the other, I have an unbroken series of gradation from one form to the other. I have exhibited the suite to a number of the best naturalists in Philadelphia, and no one has been able to show a break in the series. Mr. Conrad, after a careful examination, pronounced them to be a regular gradation from one variety to another of the same species.
Dr. Morton’s original specimens, now lying on the table, as well as the last sentence of his descriptions, show that the beak is ‘‘ distinctly incurved.’” Prof. Marcou refers a form to this species in which the beak is strongly deflected. This form, unknown to Dr. Morton, is, I have no doubt, distinct. I have recently gone over the whole subject carefully, with the following results: The oblique, carinated form is a distinct species, and must be called Gryphea navis. The species described by Morton is the same as the one called Tucumcari by Marcou. The small specimen figured by Morton is said by Marcou to be ‘incomplete and without the superior valve.’? Thisisnotso. The specimen is a young one, but is very perfect. Dr. Roemer did not see it, because it was lost some time before his visit to Philadelphia, and afterwards discovered by me among somerubbish. The beak and umbone are round, there is no carination, and the figure in the Synopsis will convey a very correct idea of its form. It is as distinctly lobed as the figure 1, pl. 4, of Geology of N. A.
The large specimen, spoken of by Dr. Morton, from the plains of Kiamesha, is more nearly of the form of figure 3 of the same plate. There is every form between the two varieties, viz.: the one figured by Morton in his Synopsis, pl. 15, fig. 9, and the pl. 4, figs. 1 and 2.
I do not wonder that Prof. Marcou should have maintained the difference between G. Pitcherii and G. Tucumcarii as he understood them, but the key to the difficulty is this: G. Tucumearii is the typical form of G. Pitcherit, while G. Pitcherit, Marcou, is G, navis. This can be proven to any person who will take the trouble of investigating the subject.”
_Mr. Lea read a portion of a letter from Dr. Lewis, of Mohawk, New York, giving an account of a very sudden and remarkable fall of temperature experi- enced at that place, on the 7th of February last. The diagram exhibited was an exact copy of the one made at the time, by the self-registering thermometer devised by Dr. Lewis, and to which the attention of the Academy had been called by Mr. Lea at a previous meeting.
[ Feb.
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.
+40°
Nore.—The points connected by a line exhibit the yariations of temperature each quarter hour. Hach hour is designated by figures and points below the record. The scale is verified (in position) by \ 23 mercurial readings, of which 8 occur in that portion of the above record anterior to and inclu- ding 1 o’clock, P. M.
Being absent from home from 1, P. M., Feb. 7th, until 12, noon, Feb. 8th, the record is defective after 114, P. M., of 7th, the re- cording clock haying run down,
Bias
+209°
+10°
Recording Clock run down. Record ends here.
=10° va | -\) \ SS) NN s i~ 7 ee ~ ee Se BO! g?* ~~. i H (Oe Se a:
o4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
The direction of the wind had been noted during the time of observation, as follows :
Wind east until 9, A.M. From 9, A. M., until 10}, A. M., wind S. W. with a little rain. From 10} violent west wind with snow. The clouds gathered like a summer thunder storm. I thought I discovered a faint flash of light- ning about 12. Mrs. L. reports to me, that between 6 and 7, P. M., there was a partial remission of the storm. This may account for the sudden elevation of temperature that appears on the record at that time. The greatest violence of the storm was after this time, gradually declining after 11 or 12 o’clock. The snow accompanying this storm was in very fine particles. Probable range of temperature from 10, A. M., 7th Feb., until 8, A. M., 8th Feb., about 70°. Feb. 11th, at 24, P. M., temperature 52°!!
February 19th. Mr. LEA, President, in the Chair.
Thirty-five members present.
A paper was presented for publication, entitled
“ Descriptions of new species of Anodonta and Lithasia, by Isaac Lea,” which was referred to a committee.”
Dr. Slack called the attention of the members to some specimens of mam- malia upon the table, viz. :
Anomalurus Beechcroftii (Fraser, P. Z.8.,) 1852, page 11, t. This genus resembles somewhat the American flying squirrel, (Pteromys,) but differs in having the greater portion of the tail covered with very short hairs, termi- nating in a tuft. On the inferior surface of the basal portion are a number of sharp, short spines, projecting downward. These are used by the animal in climbing, somewhat in the manner of climbing irons. This specimen is from Western Africa, collected by Duchaillu.
Belideus flaviventer (Waterhouse, Marsupialia, p. 286.) A fine mounted specimen of this species, the Hepoona Roo of the colonists, was exhibited, and the distinction pointed out between the genera Belideus and Acrobates, This specimen was procured by Dr. Slack of a dealer in Edinburgh, and was said to have been received from New South Wales.
A fine series of the Aluatta caraya Slack, (Simia caraya Humb., Mycetes niger Wied.) Dr. 8. stated that the name of Mycetes (Ziliger, Prodromus, 1811,) should be replaced by that of Aluatta, proposed by Lacepéde in his Tableaux de Classification, 1799. The series consisted of five specimens, an adult male, entirely black ; a very young,male and adult female of a golden yellow color; and two nearly adult males, yellow, dashed with black. Two of the specimens were in the collection of the Academy, the others were collected during the recent Paraguay expedition, and are the property of the Smith- sonian Institution.
Among the mammals presented by the Smithsonian Institution this evening, he particularized a female of the Caprovis canadensis Gray, Ovis canaden- sis Shaw, Nat. Misc., xv., 1790, (Ovis montana Ord. Journ. A. N. §., vol. i. page 8, 1817,) and a very large specimen of the Castor canadensis Kuhl., measuring three feet five inches from extremity of snout to end of tail.
February 26th. Mr. Lea, President, in the Chair. Thirty-three members present.
On report of the respective committees, the following were ‘ordered to be printed in the Proceedings :
[Feb.
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 29
Synonymy of the Cyclades, a family of Acephalous Mollusca. Part 2. BY TEMPLE PRIME. Species.
GALATEA, Brug.
1. G@ Aegyptica, Fischer. Il. Conch. v. 342. 1856. Bernardi Monog. 39, Gls Vin, i LU, 2.1860: Venus Aegyptica, Chemn. xi. 231, f. 1985, 1986. Galatea Chemnitzii, Phil. Abb. 124. 1851. Hab. Egypt.
2. G. G. Bengoensis, Dkr. Ind. Guin. 51, pl. ix.f. 28, 30. Zeit. Malak. 183. 1848. Phil. Abb. 123. 1851. Bernardi Monog. 25, pl. vi. f. 5, 6., pl. ix. f. 4. 1860. Hab. Africa.
3. G. Bernardii, Dkr, Il. Conch. 338, pl. xii. f. 3. 1857. Bernardi Monog. 32, pl. v. f. 1, 5. pl. viii. f. 8. 1860. Hab. Guinea.
4. G. Caillaudii, Bernardi. Bern. Monog. 43, pl. iv. f. 1, 2. pl. ix. f. 3. 1860. Hab. Africa. —G. Chemnitzii, Phil. Phil. Abb. 124. 1851. Is Gal. Aegyptica, Fischer.
5. G. concamerata, Duval. Rev. Zool. 211. 1840. Chenu. Ill. Conch. livr. 55. 2d pl. suppl. f. 3. Bernardi Monog. 20, pl. ii., f. 1. pl. iii., fle apis ville S60)
Hab. Africa.
6. G Cumingii, Dkr. Bernardi Monog. 35, pl. vi. f. 7, 8. pl. ix. f. 8. 1860. Hab. Gaboon.
. G. Heukelomii, Bernardi. Bern. Monog. 30, pl. vi. f. 3, 4. pl. ix. f. 2. 1860. Hab. Africa.
8. G. Kochii, Bernardi. Bern. Monog. 22, pl. iv. f. 3-8, pl. ix. f. 6, 1860. Hab. Central Africa. %
9. G. laeta, Phil. Zeit. Malak. 190. 1848. Phil. Abb. 123, pl. 1, f. 2. 1851. Bernardi Monog. 27, pl. 1, f. 3-8. pl. viii. f. 7. 1860. Hab. Guinea.
10. G. Lubackii, Bernardi. Bern. Monog. 24, pl. 1, f. 4, 6. pl. viii. f. 1860. Hab. Africa. —G. paradoxa, Adams. Adams, Rec. Gen. 2, 408. 1858. Is Gal. radiata, Lam. —G. Philippiana, Morelet. Mss. Is Gal. laeta et rubiconda.
11. G. radiata, Lamk. Ann. Mus. v. 430, f. 28. 1806. Bernardi Monog. 18, pl. vii. f. 1-5, pl. viii. f. 3. 1860. Pectunculus subviridis, crassissimus, rostratus? List. pl. 158, f. 15.
1770. 1861.]
—~I
~T
-
i?)
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
to
Venus paradoxa, Born. Born. Mus. 66, pl. iv. f. 12, 13. 1780.
V. reclusa, Chemn. vi. 326, pl. 31, f. 327-329. 1788.
V. meretrix, var. Gml. 13 ed. 3273. No. 15. 1793.
V. hermaphrodita, Gml. 13 ed. 3278. No, 40. 1793.
V. subviridis, Gml. 13 ed. 3280. No. 55. 1793. Brug. Encyel. pl. 250. Ne
Egeria radiata, Roissy. Buffon, vi. 327, pl. 64, f. 5.
Douax variegata, Perry. Conch. pl. 58, f. 1? 1811.
Tellina hermaphrodita, Diller. Cat. 1, 107. 1817.
Trigona (ex parte.) Schum. 153. 1817.
Cyclas hermaphrodita, Mart. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1, 402, pl. 1, f. 1, 2.
Potamophila radiata, Sowb. Gen. of Shells.
Megadesma radiata, Bowd. Elem. Conch. 2d pt. 8, f. 21. 1822.
Cyclas radiata, Schweig. Handbuch d. nat. 707.
Venus paradoxa, Wood. Index, pl. vii. f. 48. 1828.
Galatea paradora, Adams. Rec. Gen. 2, 408. 1858.
Hab. Africa. 12. G. rubicunda, Phil. Zeit. Malak. 190. 1848. Phil. Abb. 123, pl. 1,
f. 2. 1852. Bernardi Monog. 37, pl. 1, f. 1, 2, pl. viii. f. 2. 1860.
Galatea Philippiane, Morelet. (pars.) Mss. Hab. Guinea,
13. G. tenuicula, Phil. Zeit. Malak. 191. 1848. Phil. Abb. iii. 124, pl. 1, f. 3. 1851. Bernardi Monog. 41, pl. ii. f. 2; pl. viii. f. 5. 1860. Hab. ? —G. versicolor, Morelet. Adams. Rec. Gen. 2, 408. 1858. Is Gal. laeta et rubiconda.
Fiscueria,* Bernardi. 1860.
peed
. F. Delessertii, Bernardi. Bernardi Monog. 46, pl. 3, f. 3, 4; pl. ix. f. 5. 1860. Hab. Cape Palmas, Africa.
GuLavuconomE, Gray.
. Gl. angulata, Reeve. Proc. Zool. xii. 20. 1844. Conch. Icon. pla f. vi.
Hab. Isl. of Negros.
—Gl. bipinnata, Phil. Pal. Foss. pl. xi. f. 33. Is Ichthyorachus bi- pinnata, d’Orb.
i
w
Gl. cerea, Reeve. Proc. Zool. xii. 20. 1844. Conch. Icon. pl. 1, f. viii. Hab. The Ganges.
- Gl. Chinensis, Reeve. Conch. Icon. pl. 1, f. 1. Hab. China.
4+. Gl. convexa, Desh. Grat. Moll. terr. et fluy. Fr. 51. 1855. Hab. France, (fossil. )
an plane orrugata, Reeve. Proc. Zool. xii. 20. 1844. Conch. Icon. pl. 1,
(UG
ur
1s We Hab. Manilla. - Gl. curta, Reeve. Proc. Zool. xii. 20. 1844. Conch. Icon. Dla, Le dei
Hab. Lucon.
—Gl. disticha, Goldf. pl. 64, f. 15. 1830. Is Penniretepora distic- cha, d’Orb.
*Tis genus having been instituted subsequently to the publication of the first part of this paper, did not appear in the list given of the genera belonging to this family. . [Feb.
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 27
—Gl. disticha, Lonsdale. Murch. Silur. pl. xv. f. 12. 1839. Is Penniretepora Lonsdalei, d’Orb.
—Gl. gracilis, McCoy. Syn. Ireld. 199, pl. 28, f. v. 1844. Is Penni- retepora gracilis, d’Orb.
—Gl. grandis, McCoy. Loc. sub. cit. 199, pl. 28, f. 3. 1844. Is Penni- retepora grandis, d’Orb.
--Gl. hexagona, Miinst. Goldf. Petr. Germ. 1, 100, pl. 36, f. 8. 1831. Is Vincularia hexagona, d’Orb.
—Gl. marginata, Miinst. Goldf. Petr. Germ. 1, 100, pl. 36, f.v. 1831. Is Vincularia marginata, d’Orb.,
7. Gl. plana, Desh. Grat. Moll. terr. fluv. Fr. 51. 1855. Hab. France, (fossil. )
8. Gl. psmatella, Desh. Glauconomeya psmatella, Desh. Adams. Rec. Gen. 2, 442. 1858. Hab? —Gl. puleherrima, McCoy. Syn. Ireld. 99, pl. 28, f. 4. 1844. Is Plytopora pulcherrima, d’Orb.
—
. Gl. radiata, Reeve. Proc. Zool. xii. 20. 1844. Conch. Icon. pl. 1, f. 3. Hab. Zeeba. —Gl. rhombifera, Miinst. Goldf. Petr.Germ.1, 100, pl. 36, f. 6, 1831. Is Vincularia rhombifera, d’Orb.
10. Gl. rostralis, Desh. Glauconomya rostralis, Desh. Adams. Rec. Gen. 2, 442. 1858. Hab?
11. Gl. rugosa, Reeve. Proc. Zool. xii.19. 1844. Conch. Icon. pl. 1, f. 4. Hanley in Wood. Index, pl. x. f. 4. Hab. Manilla.
12, Gl. straminea, Reeve. Proc. Zool. xii. 20. 1844. Conch. Icon. pl. 1, fae Hab. Manilla. —Gl. tetragona, Miinst. Goldf, Petr. Germ. 1, 100, pl. 36, f. 7. 1831. Is Vincularia fragilis, Defrance.
13. Gl. virens? Hanley. Proc. Zool. xii. 18. 1844. Hab. China.
Cyprina, Lamk.
—C. aequalis, Phil. Sicil 1,39. 1836. IsCyprinaIslandica, Lamk.
PC eraitinis se dcOrbes Prod lt. 1850. Venus affinis, Miinst. Goldf. Petr. Germ. 2, 244, pl. 150, f. xi. 1839. Hab. Germ., (fossil.)
2. C. Alcyon, d’Orb, Prod. 1. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.)
3. C. amphytrion, d’Orb. Prod. 1. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.)
4. C. angulata, Sowb. M.C. 1, 145, pl. 65. 13814. Hab. England, (fossil.) —C. angulata, Sowb. Trans. Geol. iv. 128. 1836. Is Cyprina So wer- byi, d’Orb. d. C. Antiopa, d’Orb. Prod. 1. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.)
1861.]
28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
6. C. antiqua, @Orb.’ Prod. 1. 1850. ‘ Venus antiqua, Miinster. Goldf. Petr. Germ. 2, 243, pl. 150, f. iv. 1839. Hab. Germ., (fossil.) —C. Archiacina, d’Orb. Prod. 2. 1850. Crassatella quadrata, d@’Archiac. Mem. Soc. Geol. 2d ser. 2, 301, pl. xiv. f. 1. 1847. Hab. Belgium, (fossil.) —C. Arctica, Turt. Brit. bivalves, 135. 1822. IsCyprina Islandica, Lamk. , 7. C. arenaria, Meek & Hayden. Proc. Ac. N.S. Phil. ix. 143. 1857. Hab. N. America, (fsssil.)
8. C. Arethusa, d’Orb. Prod. 1. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.)
9. C. Arion, d’Orb. Prod. 1. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.)
10. C. astartaeformis, d’Orb. Prod. 1. 1850. Tsocardia astartaeformis, Miinst. Beitr. Petr. iv. 87, pl. viii. f. 24. 1841. Hab. France, (fossil.)
11. C. Bajocina, d’Orb. Prod. 1. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil. )
12:.¢, Beawmomtii, d?Orb: “Prods 161850: Cardium Beaumontii, d’Archiac. Mem. Soc. Geol. 373, pl. xxvi. f. 4. 1843. Hab. France and England, (fossil.)
13. C. Bernardina, d’Orb. Prod. 2. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.)
14. C. Bernensis, Leymerie. 1842. Cyprina rostrata, d’Orb. (non Sowb.) Pal. Fr. cret. 3, 98, pl. 271. 1843. Hab. France, (fossil.)
15. C. Blandina, dOrb. Prod. 1. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.)
162 C. Bonasia, @Orb:” Prod.-1> L850: Hab. France, (fossil. )
17. C. Bosquetiana, d’Orb. Prod. 2. 1850. Hab. Germ., (fossil.)
18. C. Bronnii, Desh. Hab. Germ., (fossil.)
19. C. Calliope, d’Orb, Prod. 1. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.)
20. C. Cancriniana, d’Orb. Murch. Vern. et de Keys. Russia, 2, 457. pl. 38, f. 26, 27. 1845. Hab. Russia, (fossil.)
21. C. carditaeformis, d’Orb. Prod. 1. 1850.
Venus carditaeformis, Roemer, Oolit. 109, pl. vii. f. 15. 1836. Hab. Germ., (fossil.)
22. C. carinata, d’Orb. Prod. 1. 1850. Venus carinata, Roemer. Oolit. 110, pl. vii. f. 10. 1836. Hab. Germ., (fossil.) 23. C. Carteroni, @Orb. Prod. 2. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.) [Feb.
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 29
—C. compressa, Turt. Brit. bivalves, 136, pl. xi. f. 21-23. 1822. Is Astarte compressa, Mont.
24. C. compressa, Meek & Hayden. Proc. Ac. N.S. Phil. 144. 1857. Hab. N. America, (fossil.)
25. C. Conradi, d’Orb. Prod. 2. 1850. Venilia Conradi, Morton. Syn. Cret. pl. viii. f. 1, 2. 1834. Cardita decisa. Loc. sub. cit.. pl. ix. f. 3. 1834, Hab. N. America, (fossil.)
26. C. consobrina, @Orb. Paleont. 3, 107, pl. 278, f. 3-6. 1843. Hab. France, (fossil.)
27. C. Corallina, d’Orb. Prod. 2. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil. )
28. C. cordata, Meek & Hayden. Proc. Ac. N.S. Phil. ix. 143. 1857. Hab. N. America, (fossil. )
29. C. cordiformis, d’Orb. Paleont. 3, 101, pl. 273. 1843. Hab. France, (fossil. )
30. C. cornuta, @Orb. Prod. 2. 1850. Isocardia cornuta, Kladen. Pl. 3, f. 8. Roemer 38, pl. 19, f. 14. 1839. Hab?
31. C. corrugata, Lamk. Lamk. v. 1818. Hab? (fossil.) —C. crassa, Desh. Encycl. Méth. t. 11. 2d part, 47. 1830. Is Corbicula crassa, Desh.
32. C. crassitesta, Reuss. Hab. Germ., (fossil.)
33. C. cuneata, Sowb. Trans. Geol. Soc. iv. 240, pl. 16, f. 19. 1836. Hab, France and England, (fossil.)
34. C. Cytherea, d’Orb. Prod. 1. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.) —C. Defrancii, Van Beneden. Is Cyprina rustica, Flem. —C. deltoidea, Phil. Pal. foss. pl. 17, f. 59. Is Cardium dettoi- deum, d’Orb.
35. C. dimorpha, d’Orb. Prod. 1. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.)
36. C. dolabra, d’Orb. Prod. 1. 1850. Hab. England, (fossil.)
37. C. donacina, d’Orb. Prod. 1. 1850.
Venus donacina, Schloth. Goldf. Petr. Germ. 2, 242, pl. 150, f. 3. 1839. Hab. Germ., (fossil.)
—C. Egertoni, McCoy. Syn. Ireld. 55, pl. x.f. 9. 1844. Is Cardimor- pha Egertonii, d’Orb. 38. C. Elea, d’Orb. Prod. 2. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil. )
39. C. elongata, d’Orb. Paleont. 3, 106, pl. 267, f. 816. 1843. Hab. France, (fossil.)
40. C. Erato, d’Orb. Prod. 2. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.)
41. C. Eucharis, d’Orb. Prod. 2. 1850. Hab, France, (fossil. )
1861.]
30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
42. C. Ervyensis, d’Orb. Paleont. 3, 102, pl, 274. 1843. Hab. France, (fossil. )
43. C. Gea, @Orb. Prod. 2. 1850. i Hab. France, (fossil.) i —C. gigas, Lamk. Lamk. vy. 1818. Is Venusumbonaria.
44. C. globosa, d’Orb. Prod. 1. 1850. { Cardium globosum, Roemer. Oolit. 39, pl. 19, f. 19. 1836.
Venus tenuistria, Miinst. Petr. Germ. 1, 245, pl. 150, f. 18. 1839. }
Hab. Germ., (fossil.) d —C. globosa, Sharpe. Journ. Geol. Soc. vi. pl. 15, f. 1. Is Cyprina Sharpei, Prime.
45. C. Glycerie, d’Orb. Prod. 2. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.)
46. C. Helmerseniana,'d’Orb. Murch. 2, 457, pl. 38, f. 28-30. 1845. Hab. France, (fossil.)
47. C. Hersilia, d’Orb. Prod. 2. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil. )
48. C. humilis, Meek & Hayden. Proc. Ac. N. S., Phil. 179. 1860. Hab. N. America, (fossil.) —C. incrassata, Nyst. Coq. Foss. Hasselt. 7. 1836. Is Cytherea in - crassata, Sowb.
49. C. inornata, d@’Orb. Paleont. 3, 99, pl. 272, f. 1, 2. 1843. . Hab. France, (fossil. )
50. C. intermedia, d’Orb. Paleont. 3, 107, pl. 278, f. 1, 2. 1843. Hab. France, (fossil.)
51. C. involuta, d’Orb. Prod. 1. 1850. Corbula involuta, Miinst. Goldf. Petr. Germ. 2, 250, pl. 151, f. 14. 1839. Hab. Germ., (fossil.)
52. C. Islandica, Lamk. Lamk. v. 1818.
Venus Islandica, Linn. 1131. Miiller, Verm. 246. 1774. Pectunculus major, da Costa. 183, pl. 14, f. 3. 1778. Venus bucardium, Born. Mus. 63, pl. 4, f. 11. 1780. Artica vulgaris, Schum. 145, pl. 13, f. 3. 1817. Cyprina arctica, Turt. Brit. bivalves, 135. 1822. Venus aequalis, Sowb. M. C. pl. xxi. Cyprina aequalis, Phil. Sieil. 1, 39. 1836. C. maxima, Wood. Ann. N. H. vi. 249. C. angulata, Sowb. Nyst. Foss. Anvers, 9. C. Islandicoides, Lamk. Loc. sub. cit. p. 9. C. vulgaris, Sowb, Gen. of Shells.
Hab. Europe and America.
—C. Islandicoides, Lamk. Lamk. v. 1818. Is Venus Islandi-
coides, Lamk.
53. C. Jurensis, Morris. Brit. fossils, 199. 1854. Venus Jurensis, Miinster. Goldf. Petr. Germ. 2, p. 245, pl. 150, £. 17. 1839.
Hab. England and Germany, (fossil.)
54. C. ier ascovensis, Rouillier. Bull. Soc. Moscou xx. 421, f.32, 32.
Hab. Russia, (fossil.) —C. Lajonkairii, Goldf. Petr. Germ. 237, pl. 148, f. 9. 1841. Is Cyprinarustica, Goldf. ’ | [Feb.
WH —y
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. :
55. C. lata, @’Orb. + Prod.‘2. ‘1850. Venus lata, Roemer. 27, pl. ix. f. 10. 1841. Hab. Germ., (fossil.)
p65 C. Laticostata, d?Orb.* Prod: 1. 1850: Isocardia laticostata, Minster. Beitr. iv. 87, pl. viii. f. 24. 1841. Hab. Austria, (fossil.)
57. C. Ligeriensis, d’Orb. Paleont. 3, 103, pl. 275, f. 1-3, (exclus. f. 4. 5.) 1843. Hab. France, (fossil.)
58. C. lunulata, Desh. Inv. Paris, 1, 546, pl. xxxv. f. 19-21. 1860. Hab. France, (fossil.) —C. maxima, Wood. Ann. N. H. vi. 249. Is Cyprina Islandica, Lamk. —C. minima, Turt. Brit. bivalves, 137. 1822. Is Ciree minima.
59. C. Morrissii, Sowb. Min. Conch. pl. 620. Hab. England, (fossil.)
60. C. nana, Sowb. Dixon, Foss. Suss. pl. 14, f. 8. Hab. England, (fossil. )
61. C. neglecta, d’Orb. Prod. 3. 1852. Erycina neglecta, Nyst. 89, pl. 3, f. 134. 1845. Hab. Belgium, (fossil.)
62. C. Neptuni, d@’Orb. Prod. 2. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.)
63. C. nitida, d’Orb. Prod. 1. 1850. Isocardia nitida, Phil. 122, pl. ix. f. 10. 1829. Hab. England, (fossil. )
64. C. Normaniana, d’Orb. Prod. 1. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil. )
65. C. Noueliana, d’Orb. Prod. 2. 1850. Cyprina Ligeriensis, a’Orb. (pars.) Paleont. 3, 103, pl. 275. f. 4, 5. (exclus. 1-3.) 1843. Hab. France, (fossil.)
66. C. nuda, d’Orb. Prod. 1. 1850. Venus nuda, Goldf. Zieten. 94, pl. 71, f. 3. 1830. Hab. Germ., (fossil. ) ;
67. C. Nystii, Hebert. 1849. Cyprina scutellaria, Nyst. (non Desh.) 145, pl. 7, f. v; pl. 8, f. 1. 1843. Hab. Belgium, (fossil.) —C. obliqua, d’Orb. Prod. 2. 1850. Is Corbicula obliqua, Desh.
68. C. obliquissima, d’Orb. Prod. 1. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.)
69. C. oblonga, d@’Orb. Paleont. 3, 105, pl. 277, f.1-4. 1843. Astarte cyprinoides, a’ Archiac. Tourtia pl. xiv. f. 5. 1847. Hab. France and Belgium, (fossil. ) —C. ore ae Reuss. p. 4, pl. 15. 1846. Is Crassatella oblonga. d’Orb.
70. C. orbicularis, Roem. Nord D. Kreide, 73, pl. ix. f. 8. 1841. Hab. France and Germany, (fossil.) —C. orbiculata, Turton. Brit. bivalves, 138. 1822. Is Lucina orb i- cularis, Mont.
1861.]
32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
71. C. ovata, Meek & Hayden. Proc. Ac. N.S., Phil. ix. 144. 1857. Hab. N. America, (fossil.)
72. C. parvula, @’Orb. Prod. 2. 1850. Venus parvula, Roemer. Oolith. iii. pl. vii. f. 13. 1836. Hab. Germ., (fossil.) —C. Pedemontana, Lamk. Lamk. v. 1818. Is Venns Pedemon- tana.
73. C. Phillipsii, d’Orb. Prod. 1. 1850. Tsocardia angulata, Phillips. Yorksh. 122, pl. ix. f. 9. 1829, Hab. England, (fossil.)
74. C. piatigorskensis, Fischer. Bull. Soc. Moscou, xxi. 1848. Hab. Russia, (fossil.) —C. pisum, @Orb. Prod. 2. 1850. Is Corbicula pisum, Desh.
Woe Ose plana. d7Orb.s brode lila: Isocardia plana, Minster. Petref. iv. 87, pl. viii. f. 23. 1841. Hab. Germany, (fossil.) —C. planata, Sowb. M.C. pl. 619. Is Cyprinascutellaria, Desh.
76. C. Provencialis, d’Orb. Prod. 2. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.)
77. C. quadrata, d’Orb. Paleont. 3, 105, pl. 276. 1843. Hab. France, (fossil.)
78. C. regularis, d’Orb. Loc. sub. cit. 3, 100, pl. 272, f. 3-6. 1843. Hab. France, (fossil.)
79. C. Roemeri, d’Orb. Prod. 1. 1850. Lucina giobosa, Roemer. Oolit. 41, pl. 19, f. 6. 1831. Hab. Germ., (fossil.)
80. C. rostrata, Sowb. Geol. Trans. iv. 240, pl.17, f. 1. 1836. Hab. England, (fossil.) f —C. rostrata, d’Orb. Pal. 3, 98, pl. 271. 1843. Is Cyprina Berne n- sis, Leym.
81. C. rotundata, Bratin. Agas. Icon. coq. test. 53, pl. 14. 1845. Hab. Germ., (fossil.)
82. C. Royana, @’Orb. Prod. 2. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.)
83. C. rustica, Morris. Brit. Foss. 199. 1854. Venus rustica, Sowb. Maur. Conch. pl. 196. Cyprina Lajonkairii, Goldf. Petr. Germ. 237, pl. 148, f. 9. 1841. C. tumida, Nyst. Tert. Belg. 148, pl. x. f. 1. 1835, 1843. C. Defrancit, Van Beneden. Hab. England, Belgium and Germany, (fossil.)
84. C.scutellaria, Desh. Coq. foss. 1, 125, pl. xx. f. 1-3. 1824. Cytheria scutellaria, Defr. Dict. Scie. Nat. t. xii. 421. 1818. Cyprina planata, Sowb. M. C. pl. 619. Hab. France and England, (fossil.) —C. scutellaria, Nyst. 145, pl. vii. f. 5, pl. viii. f. 1. 1843. 1s Cy- prina Nystii. Heberi.
85. C. Sharpei, Prime.
Cyprina globosa, (preoc.) Sharpe. Journ. Geol. Soc. vi. pl. 15, f. 1. Hab. England, (fossil.) . [Feb.
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 33
86. C. Sowerbyi, d’Orb. Prod. 2. 1850. Cyprina angulata, Sowb. Trans. Geol. Soc. iv. 128. 1839. (non. Sowb. M. C.) Hab. England, (fossil.)
Mic. strigililata, d’Orb. Prad. 1.1850. Cardita strigillata, Klippstein. Beitr. Geol. 255, pl. xvi. f. 23. 1845. Hab. Germany, (fossil. )
88. C. subangulata, d’Orb. Prod. 1. 1850. Venus angulata, Miinster. Goldf. Petr. Germ. 2, 243, pl. 150, f. v. 1839. Hab. Germany, (fossil.)
89. C. subcordiformis, d’Orb. Prod. 1. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.)
90. C. subobliqua, d’Orb. Prod. 1. 1850. Venus obliqua, Miinster. Goldf. Petr. Germ. 2, 243, pl. 150, f. 6, 1839. Hab. Germ., (fossil. )
* 91. C. subrostrata, Minster. Beitr. iv. 87, pl. viii. f. 26, 1841. Hab. Germ., (fossil.)
92. C. subtumida, Meek & Hayden. Proc. Ac. N.S. Phil. ix. 144. 1857. Hab. _N. America, (fossil. ) —C. tenuistria, Lamk. Lamk. v. 1848. Is Venus Chinensis, Chemn.
93. C. trapeziformis, d’Orb. Prod.1. 1850. Venus trapeziformis, Roemer. Oolit. 109, pl. vii. f. 14. 1836. Hab. Germany, (fossil.) —C. triangularis, Turt. Brit. bivalves, 136, pl. xi. f. 19, 20. 1822. Is Circe minima. —C. tridacnoides, Lamk. Lamk.yv. 1818. Is Venus deformis, Say. : —C. trigona, dOrb. Prod. 2. 1850. Is Corbicula triangula, Prime. —C. tumida, Nyst. Coq. Tert. Belg. 148, pl. x, f. 1. 1835-1843. Is Cyprina rustica, Fleming. —C. umbonaria, Lamk. Lamk. v. 1818. Is Venus umbonaria. —C. vetusta, Roemer, 25, pl. vi. f. 1843. Is Cardinia vetusta, d’Orbigny. 94. C. Vieilbancii, d’Orb. Prod. 1. 1850. Hab. France, (fossil.) —C. vulgaris, Sowb. Gen. of Shells. Is Cyprina Islandica, Lam.
Synopsis of the Subfamily of CLUPEINZ, with descriptions of new Genera, BY THEODORE GILL.
To enable the reader to better understand the descriptions of the new genera to be now proposed, we give the characters of the groups of the Clupeine as understood by us, and a synopsis of all the known genera.
The family of Clupeoids, as restricted by the learned French icthyologist who has so well continued the great ichthyological work planned by Cuvier, is one of the most naturalin the animal kingdom. There is none that exhibits greater variety of dentition; nonein which such variation is accompanied by so little difference of form or anatomical peculiarities. In the group of the true Herrings or Clupea, as we shall restrict it, there are included seventeen dig-
1861.] 3
34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
tinct genera, which are almost entirely characterized by the different combina- tions, of teeth on the jaws and in the mouth, or the entire absence of them. There is no essential difference in the form of those teeth, and from their rela- tive positions alone are the genera distinguished. We find in the subfamily almost every variety of dentition: almost all possible combinations from that exhibited by the genus Rogeniz, of which the famous white bait of the English, is the type, to the genus of the Shads, in which there are no teeth in any part of the mouth. In Rogenia, we find teeth, more or less developed, on every bone that enters into the composition of the mouth, as well as on the tongue. There are vomerine, palatine, pterygoid and lingual teeth, and there are also less developed intermaxillary, supramaxillary and mandibular ones. In Clupea or the herrings, and in Clupeoides of Bleeker, and Harengula of Valenciennes, the dentition is almost as full; perhaps more perfect in the last, if we regard the size or development of the teeth. There is in each of those genera an absence of teeth on one set of the bones which enter into the composition of the mouth ; all the others are provided with teeth as in Rogenia, but stronger on the jaws. In Harengula, the deficiency is of vomerine teeth ; in Clupeoides, of maxillary,* and in the herrings, the pterygoid bones are destitute. In the last group the palatine bones have also only a few isolated ones on the outside, and these being readily deciduous, may be easily overlooked. From the herrings, we pass by Kowala, Spratelloides and Sardinella of Valenciennes, and our genera Alausella and Pomolobus to Spratella, in which there are teeth only on the palatines and tongue; JJéletia, in which the tongue alone is furnished, and finally to Alawsa of Valenciennes, and Srevoortia of Gill, in which all the bones, as well as the tongue, are edentulous. Notwithstanding this variation of den- tition, so uniform is the shape of the body; so little modification is there of any other part or member, that we might, perhaps with propriety, if we did not look to the dentition, unite them all in one great genus. The only very sensible variation from the type as exhibited in the herring, is that which has furnished us with the genus Brevoortia. This genus, established on the well known and very abundant ‘‘ Morsebunker” or “ menhaden”’ of our eastern coast, is distinguished from almost all of its associates, by the large head, and the more backward position of the dorsal fin, which is situated over the interval betweea the ventral fins and the anal. These variations, in connection with the ciliated or deeply pectinated posterior margins of the scales, have appeared to us to be of generic importance. On that genus we have bestowed the name of Brevoortia, in honor of Mr. J. Carson Brevoort, the well known ichthyologist of New York.
In the subfamily of the Clupeine, we include both Pellona of Valenciennes. and Pristigaster of Cuvier, in a distinct group; these genera are distinguished from the true herrings, by the long anai fin, and in Pellona by generally more anterior position of the ventrais; the dorsal is usually situated nearer to the former than to the latter. As there is no gradation between the long anal of the Pellona and Pristigasters to the short one of the true herrings, and as the difference of the length gives a peculiar facies to each group, the section so distinguished appears to be natural. For the present at least, we may retain Pellona and Pristiyaster together, notwithstanding the want of ventral fins in the latter. For the group thus formed we may employ the name of Pellone.
In retaining Valenciennes’ name of Pedlona for the group which he so desigaa- ted, we are well aware that he had been anticipated by both Swainson and Gray, or rather Richardson. The former naturalisc has characterized, as well at least as was customary with him in ichthyology, the genus to which he gave the name of Platygaster. That name we are prevented from employing, as it had been previously applied by Latreille to a valid genus of Hymenopterous in- - wn
*There are at least none mentioned as being present in the supramaxillary bones, by Bleeker, to whom we are indebted for our knowledge of the genus.
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NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA 35
sects, and it had also been used by Zetterstedt fora genus of Diptera, at nearly the same period as Swainson. A species of the same genus is also described by Sir John Richardson, in his Report ‘“ on the Ichthyology of the seas of China and Japan,” as Ilisha abnormis. This name is attributed to Gray in a British Museum catalogue ; we have never seen a catalogue in which the name occurs. It was, indeed, probably manuscript: we do not therefore know what Dr. Gray intended by the name. As Richardson suggests, the name appears to be “evidently taken from the specific appellation of one of Buchanan Hamilton’s Clupea.” But the Clupea ilisha of that naturalist isa true Alausa. If that species was intended by Gray as the type of his genus, it should be regarded as a mere synonyme of Alausa. If, however, the generic name of Jlisha was first pub- lished by Richardson, perhaps it will have to be retained in his name, for either the whole genus, or that section inhabiting the old world, and embracing species whose body is more slender, and which have a less gibbous abdomen than the species of South America. As Valenciennes was the first to well re- strict the genus and illustrate its affinities, we prefer to modify his generic name for the subfamily.
Group CLUPE# Gill.
Anal fin little longer than high, commencing some distance behind the ver- tical of the posterior rays of the dorsal, and nearly intermediate between the ventral and caudal fins. ,
A.
With no spurious dorsal or anal fins.
Genus I. Crupea (Linn.) Val.
Syn. Clupea Val. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. xx., p. 28, 1847.
Body elongated and slender. Minnte teeth on the intermaxillaries and near the symphysis of the dentaries. Supra-maxillaries delicately crenulated. More evident teeth in a longitudinal band on the vomer, and onthe tongue. Several readily deciduous teeth on the external borders of the palatines.
Type. Clupea harengns Linn.
Syn. Clupea harengus Val. Hist. N. des Poissons, vol. xx., 30.
Genus IJ. Sarpinewya Val.
Syn. Sardinella Val. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. xx., p. 28, 1847.
Body elongated and slender. Minute villiform teeth on the anterior extremity of the palatine bones, on the internal borders of the pterygoids, and on the tongue. Supramaxillaries occasionally scarcely crenulated near the extremities.
Type. Sardinella aurita Val. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. xx., p. 263.
Genus III. Rocrenra Val.
' Syn. Rogenia Val. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. xx., p. 340, 1847.
Body elongated and slender. Very minute and almost imperceptible teeth on the intermaxillaries and dentaries ; stronger ones on the vomer, palatines, pterygoids and tongue.
Type. Rogenia alba Val.
Syn. Clupea alba Yarreil.
Genus IV. Ciupzoyra Val.
Syn. Clupeonia Val. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. xx., p. 345. Teeth only on the pterygoids, and in a longitudinal band on the tongue. Type. Clupeonia Jussieui Val.
Syn. Clupanodon Jussieui Lac. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. v, pp. 471, 474.
1861.]
36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
Genus V. Harencura Val.
Syn. Harengula Val. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. xx. p. 277, 1847. Body elongated and slender. Minute teeth on the intermaxillaries, dentaries, palatines, pterygoids and tongue. Supramaxillaries scarcely crenulated. Type. Harengula latula Val.
Genus VI. Cuurrorpes Bleeker.
Syn. Clupeoides Bleeker, Naturkundig Tijdschrift wor Nederlandsch Indie, vol.
i. p. 274. Body elongated and slender. Minute teeth on the intermaxillaries, dentaries, vomer, palatines, pterygoids and tongue. Type. Clupeoides borneénsis Bleeker.
Genus VII. SpraTe.Lioies Bleeker.
Syn. Spratelloides Bleeker, Naturkundig Tijdschrift wor Nederlandsch Indie, vol. ix. p. 775. Teeth on the intermaxillaries, dentaries, vomer and tongue. Type. Spratelloides argyrotaenia Bleeker.
Genus VIII. Spratetua Val.
Syn. Spratella Val. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. xx., p. 356. Body elongated and slender. Teeth only on the palatine bones and tongue. Type. Spratella pumila Val. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. xx., p, 357, 1857.
Genus IX. Kowatra Val.
Syn. Kowala Val. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. xx., p. 362. Body elliptical. Teeth only on the jaws and pterygoids. Type. Kowala albella Val.
Genus X. ALAUSELLA Gill.
Syn. Alausella Gill, Proceed. Body oblong, ovate. Teeth in the intermaxillaries and dentaries scattered near the symphisis, and on the tongue. Supramaxillaries finely dentated. Type. Alausella parvula Gill. Syn. Clupea parvula Mitchill.
Genus XI. Pomotosus (Raf.) Gill.
Syn. Pomolobus Raf. Ichthyologia Ohiensis, p. 38, (fide Kirtland.)
Body elongated and slender. Teeth on the intermaxillaries, behind which, the gums are transversely and slightly sulcated. Few teeth at the symphysis of the lower jaw. Tongue with viliform teeth.
Type. Pomolobus chrysochloris Storer ex Kirtland.
Syn. Alosa chrysochloris Kirtland.
Genus XII. Criupatosa Bleeker.
Syn. Clupalosa Bleeker, Verhandelingen von het Bataviaasch Genootschap, vol. xxii., _Ichth. Mad., pp. 12, 24. Teeth only on the palatine bones. Lower jaw scarcely denticulated. Type. Clupalosa bulan.
Genus XIII. Me.erra Val.
Syn. Meletta Val. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. xx., p. 366.
Teeth only in a longitudinal row onthe tongue. Dorsal fin with no produced posterior ray.
Type. Meletta vulgaris Val.
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NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 37
Genus XIV. OpistHonema Gill.
Syn. Clupanodon Lac., partim, Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol.
Body oblong oval. Teeth in a longitudinal row on the tongue. Dorsal fin with its last ray filiform.
Type. Opisthonema thrissa Gill. Syn. Clupanodon thrissa Lae.
Genus XV. Atausa (Cuv.) Val.
Syn. Alosa Cuv. Regne Animal Alausa Val. Hist. Nat. des Poissons. vol. xx., p. 389. Teeth absent, or only some small and easily caducous ones on the jaws. Scales not pectinated. Dorsal fin over the ventrals. Head of moderate size. Type. Alausa vulgaris Cuv. Syn. Alausa vulgaris Val. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. xx., p. 391,
Genus XVI. Brevoortia Gill. -
Syn. Brevoortia Gill. Teeth absent. Scales pectinated on their posterior margins. Dorsal fin nearly over the interval between the ventrals and anal. Head very large. Type. Brevoortia menhaden Gill. Syn. Alausa menhaden Val. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. xx., p, 424.
B. Provided with true and spurious anal fins, entirely distinct from each other ; the former of the normal size; the latter with two or more thick and well developed rays.
Genus XVII. Ciupeicutuys Bleeker.
Syn. Clupeichthys Bleeker, Naturkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indie, vol. ix., p. 274, 1855.
Intermaxillary bones prominent; the lower little longer than the upper, con- spicuous teeth on the intermaxillary, supramaxillary, palatine and pterygoid bones, and in a median longitudinal band on the tongue.
A single species is found in the rivers of the island of Sumatra.*
Type. Clupeichthys goniognathus Bleeker.
Group PELLON Gill.
Anal fin elongated, commencing under or anterior to the last rays of the dor- sal, and near the ventrals.
a. Ventral fins present, and situated anterior to or under the first rays of the dorsal fin.
Genus XVIII. Prettona Val.
Syn. Platygaster Swainson, Natural History of Fishes, Amphibians and Rer- tiles, vol. ii. p. 294, 1839. (Not Platygaster Latreille.) Ilisha (Gray,) Richardson, Fifteenth Annual Report of the British Associa- tion. A.S. Pellona Cuv. et Val. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. xx. p. 301. Body compressed, varying in form; in the typical species, the abdomen is
*Buchanan Hamilton, in his ‘“ Account of the Fishes found in the river Ganges and its branches,” p. 236, has described a Clupeoid which has also two fins, the last provided with four rays, but there are said to be no teeth. It has been referred to a new genus and called Corica sobrona. If it is true that there are no teeth, the species can not be congeneric with Clupeichthys goniognathus. ‘Vhe work of Hamilton is not at present accessible to us.
1861.]
38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
very convex, but in most, the shape resembles that of the true Clupeoids. Bands of teeth on the intermaxillary, maxillary, dentary, palatine and pterygoid bones, and on the tongue, most of which are very small and almost impercep- tible.
The genus is represented by species in the rivers and seas of South America, Asia and Africa. Those of South America have the abdomen very convex; in those of the Old World, it is much less so.
Type. Pellona Orbignyana Val.
6. Ventral fins absent. Genus XIX. PristiGgasTeER Cuv.
Syn. Pristigaster Cuv. Regne Animal, vol. ii. Pristigaster Val. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. xx. p. 326.
Body compressed, with the back slightly arched, and with the abdomen very convex, and strongly serrated. Teeth present on the intermaxillary, maxillary, dentary, palatine and pterygoid bones, as well as on the tongue. Dorsal fin higher than long, situated on the anterior half of the back. Lateral line straight.
The genus as now restricted contains only the South American species, dis- tinguished by the scarcely arched back and very convex belly. The Indian species belong to ancther genus.
Type. Pristigaster cayanus Cuv.
Genus XX. OpistHoprerus Gill.
Syn.? Apterygia Gray, Illustrations of Indian Zoology. Pristigaster sp. Val., Hist, Nat. des Poissons, vol. xx.
Body compressed with the nape saillient, and the back convex ; the abdomen convex, and strongly serrated. Teeth present on the intermaxillary, maxillary, dentary, palatine and pterygoid bones, and on the tongue. Dorsal fin low and small, situated at the end of the second third of the back’s length.
Type. Opisthopterus tartoor Gill.
Syn. Pristigaster tartoor Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. xx. p. 328.
Descriptions of Twenty-five New Species of UNIONIDZ from Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee and Florida.
BY ISAAC LEA.
Unio rasaceus.—Testa levi, oblongd, subquadratd, subinflata, posticé sub- biangulata, subequilaterali; valvulis crassiusculis, anticé crassioribus; nati- bus prominulis; epidermide tenebroso-fusca, micante, obsoleté radiata; denti- bus cardinalibus parvis, erectis, acuminatis, crenulatis; lateralibus curtis, la- mellatis subcurvisque; margarita purpurascente, salmonis colore tincta et valdé iridescente.
Hab.—Oostanaula River, Georgia. Bishop Elliott.
Unto 1rrasus.—Testa levi, rotundo-trigon4, inflata, posticé obtusé angulata, anticé rotunda; valvulis subcrassis, anticé crassioribus; natibus subelevatis, crassis; epidermide luteo-fuscé, vel obsoleté radiata vel eradiata; dentibus cardinalibus crassis, elevatis, subcompressis crenulatisque; lateralibus curtis, crassis, obliquis rectisque; margarita argentea et iridescente.
Hab.—Ktowah River, Georgia. Rey. G. White.
Unio OcmuLakensis.—Testa levi, transversa, inflata, posticé obtusé biangu- fata, anticé subtruncata, valdé inequilaterali; valvulis crassis, anticé crassi- oribus; natibus prominulis; epidermide tenebroso-fusca, eradiata, superné micante, inferné valdé striata; dentibus cardinalibus parviusculis, pyramidatis
[Feb.
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 39
striatisque ; lateralibus prelongis, lamellatis subrectisque; margarita argen- tea et iridescente. Hab.—Little Ocmulgee River, Lumber City, Georgia. S. W. Wilson, M. D.
Unio cicur.—Testa levi, oblonga, subinflata, ad latere subplanulata, posticé rotundata, valdé inzquilaterali; valvulis tenuibus subdiaphanis; natibus sub- prominentibus, ad apices undulatis ; epidermide olivacea, eradiata ; dentibus cardinalibus parvissimis, compressis subrectisque ; lateralibus longis, preteuuis, lamellatis subrectisque; margarita cerulea et valdé iridescente.
Hab.—Little Ocmulgee River, Georgia. S. W. Wilson, M. D.
Unio craputus.—Testa levi, obliqua, ventricosa, ad umbones valde tumida, yaldé inequilaterali, posticé rotundata, anticé truncata; valvulis percrassis, anticé crassioribus; natibus valdé prominentibus crassisque; epidermide luteo- fusca, eradiata; dentibus cardinalibus percrassis, pyramidatis, corrugatis, in utroque valvulo duplicibus; lateralibus percrassis, corrugatis, obliquis sub- curvisque; margarita alba et paulisper iridescente.
Hab.—Ktowah River, Georgia. Rey, G. White.
Unio BEADLEIANUS.—Testd levi, subrotunda, ventricosé, subzquilaterali, antice rotundatad, posticé obtusé angulatéi; valvulis crassis, anticé crassioribus, natibus subelevatis, incurvis; epidermide tenebroso-fusca, obsoleté radiata ; dentibus cardinalibus magnis, erectis, compressis corrugatisque; lateralibus crassis, curtis corrugatisque; margaritaé vel alba vel rosea, et iridescente.
Hab.—Pearl River, Jackson, Mississippi. Rev. E. R. Beadle.
Unto CHICKASAWHENSIS.—Testd, levi, subrotundd, subcompressa, sublenticu- lari, inzquilaterali, posticé obtuse angulata, anticé rotunda; valvulis crassius- culis, anticé paulisper crassioribus; natibus prominulis; epidermide tenebroso- fusca, eradiata, excillissimeé striata; dentibus cardinalibus parviusculis, pyra- midatis, corrugatis crenulatisque; lateralibus brevibus, subvalidis subcurvis- que; margarita rosacea et valde iridescente.
Hab.—Chickasawha River, Mississippi. W. Spillman, M. D.
Unio cCINNAMoMICUS.—Testa levi, elliptica, inflata, ad umbones tumida, in- equilaterali, posticé angulatd, anticé rotunda; valvulis subcrassis, anticé cras- sioribus ; natibus subprominentibus ; epidermide cinnamomica, inferné striata, eradiata, dentibus cardinalibus parviusculis,erectis, subcompressis crenulatisque, lateralibus curtis subrectisque; margarita albida et valde iridescente.
Hab.—Tombigbee River, Columbus, Missis.ippi. W. Spillman, M. D.
Unio PAUPERCULUS.—Testa levi, subrotunda, subcompressa, subequilaterali, posticé subrotunda, anticé rotunda; valvulis subcrassis, anticé crassioribus ; natibus prominulis; epidermide luteo-cornea, eradiata; dentibus cardinalibus mag- nis, elevatis, decussatis ; lateralibus brevissimis, obliquis rectisque; margarita alba et iridescente.
Hab.—Stream near Columbus, Mississippi. W. Spillman, M. D.
Unto Spintmanit,—Testa levi, elliptica, subinflaté, inwquilaterali, posticé ob- tusé angulata, anticé rotundata; valvulis subcrassis, anticé paulisper crassiori- bus; natibus prominulis; epidermide tenebroso-fusca vel luteo-fuscé, ad um- bones nitida, radiata ; dentibus cardinalibus crassiusculis, obtusé pyramidatis, corrugatis ; lateralibus longis, crassis corrugatisque; margarita vel alba vel salmonis colore tincta et valdé iridescente.
Hab.—Luxpalila Creek, near Columbus, Mississippi. W. Spillman, M. D.
Unto FLAVIDULUS.—Testa levi, elliptica, subinflaté, valdé inzequilaterali, pos- ticé obtusé angulata, anticé rotunda ; vaivulis subtenuibus, anticé crassioribus ; natibus prominulis; epidermide vel luteo-fusca vel luteo-viridi, eradiata ; den- tibus cardinalibus parviusculis, erectis, compressis, in utroque valvulo duplici-
1861.]
40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
bus; lateralibus sublongis, lamellatis subrectisque ; margarita alba et irides-
cente. Hab.—Stream near Columbus, Mississippi. W. Spillman, M. D.
Unio ANATICULUS,—Test4 levi, obliqua, ad umbones valdé tumida, anticé truncata, posticé obtuse angulata, valdé inequilaterali; valvulis crassiusculis, anticé crassioribus ; natibus elevatis, crassis, incurvis, feré terminalibus; epi- dermide castanea, vittaté, obsoleté radiata, dentibus cardinalibus subcrassis, subpyramidatis crenulatisque; lateralibus crassis, obliquis subrectisque ; mar- garita argented et iridescente.
Hab.—Near Columbus, Mississippi. W. Spillman, M. D.
Unio rusipus.—Testa sulcatd, subtriangulari, valdé inflata, ad latere planu- laté, subzequilaterali, valvulis subcrassis, anticé crassioribus; natibus subpro- minentibus, subinflatis; epidermide tenebroso-rufo-fusca, eradiata, superné mi- canti, inferné striata; dentibus cardinalibus crassiuscalis, elevatis, subpyrami- datis crenulatisque; lateralibus sublongis, curvis subcrassisque; margarita vel rosacea vel alba vel salmonis colore tincta et iridescente.
Hab.—Tombigbee River, Mississippi. W. Spillman, M. D,; Coosa River and Big Prairie Creek, Alabama. E. R. Showalter, M. D.
Unio pEcUMBENS.—Testa levi, arcuata, valdé compressa, ad lateré planulata, inequilaterali, posticé biangulata, anticé rotunda; valvulis subtenuibus, anticé et posticé paulisper crassioribus ; natibus prominulis ; epidermide tenebroso-rufo- fusca, obsoleté radiata, transverse striata ; dentibus cardinalibus minimis, sub- compressis, in utroque valvulo duplicibus; lateralibus prelongis, arcuatis ; margarita purpurascente, et valdé iridescente.
Hab.—Alabama. E. R. Showalter, M. D.
Unio GurManus.—Testa leevi, elliptica, subinflata, inzequilaterali, posticé sub- biangulata, anticé rotunda; valvulis crassiusculis, anticé crassioribus ; natibus subprominentibus, ad apices concentricé rugoso-undulatis ; epidermide tene- broso-fusca, eradiata, transversé striaté ; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, erectis, compressis, crenulatis, acuminatis; lateralibus tenuibus subcurvisque; mar- garita purpurascente et valdé iridescente.
Hab.—Coosa River, Alabama. E. R. Showalter, M. D.
Unto Lewisu.—Testa levi, subrotunda, suborbiculari, subequilaterali; val- vulis crassissimis, anticé crassioribus; natibus elevatis, tumidis incurvisque; epidermide luteola, punctata; dentibus cardinalibus crassissimis, erectis crenu- litisque ; lateralibus crassissimis, brevibus et obliquis; margarita alba et irides- cente.
Hab.—Coosa River, Alabama. E.R. Showalter, M. D.
Unio Mepius.—Testa levi, obliqua, valdé inflata, valdé inzquilaterali, posticé obtusé angulata, anticé obliqué rotundata; valvulis crassis, posticé crassiori- bus; natibus elevatis, tumidis; epidermide fuscd, maculata, inferné striata, Superné micanti; dentibus cardinalibus crassis, pyramidatis crenulatisque; lateralibus crassis, rectis brevibusque; margarita argentea et iridescente.
Hab.—Near Uniontown, Alabama. E.R. Showalter, M. D.
Unio concotor.—Testé levi, obliqué elliptica, subinflata, inequilaterali, posticé subbiangulata, anticé rotunda; valvuli3 subcrassis, anticé crassioribus; natibns subprominentibus ; epidermide tenebroso-oliva, eradiaté, ad umbones nitida, inferne striata ; dentibus cardinalibus crassiusculis, erectis, obtusé com- pressis ; lateralibus sublongis, obliquis subrectisque ; margarita alba et irides- cente.
Hab.—Big Prairie Creek, Alabama, E. R. Showalter, M. D.
Unio verus.—Testa levi, subtriangulari, subcompressa, valdé inequilaterali, posticé fere rotunda, anticé rotunda; valvulis crassiusculis, anticé crassiori-
[Feb.
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 41
bus; natibus elevatis; epidermide tenebroso-oliva, eradiata, maculata, vittata, ad umbones micanti, inferné striaté; dentibus cardinalibus parviusculis, com- presso-pyramidatis striatisque ; lateralibus, subbrevibus, obliquis subrectisque ; margarita alba et iridescente.
Hab.—Cahawba River, Perry Co., Alabama. E. R. Showalter, M. D.
Unio ASPERATUS.—Test4 valdé tuberculaté, subrotunda, inflata, anticé et posticé rotunda, subequilaterali ; valvulis crassis, anticé crassioribus ; natibus valdé prominentibus; epidermide rufo-lutea, eradiata; dentibus cardinalibus percrassis, obtuso-conicis, corrugatis ; lateralibus brevissimis, valdé obliquis rectisque; margarita argentea et iridescente.
Hab.—Alabama River, Claiborne, Alabama. Judge Tait.
Unto ornatus.—Testa levi, subrotundd, compressa, inequilaterali, posticé subrotunda, anticé rotunda; valvulis crassiusculis, anticé crassioribus; nati- bus subprominentibus, ad apices rugoso-undulatis; epidermide mellea, viridi maculata, superné nitida, inferné striata; dentibus cardinalibus parviusculis, sulcatis; lateralibus brevibus, obliquis rectisque; margarita argentea et valde iridescente.
Hab.—Alabama? T. R. Ingalls, M. D.
Unio PERPURPUREUS,—Testa levi, ellipticd, subinflata, inequilaterali, postice et anticé rotundaté; valvulis subcrassis, anticé crassioribus; natibus promi- nulis; epidermide tenebroso-viridi, nigricente, radiis capillaris; dentibus cardinalibus parviusculis, erectis, conicis,in utroque valvulo duplicibus, striatis; lateralibus longis rectisque ; margarité valdé purpurea et iridescente.
Hab.—Tennessee. J. G. Anthony.
Unio Antaonyi.—Testa levi, elliptica, inflata, ad lateré @laniusculd, postice obtusé biangulata, posticé rotundat4, inzquilaterali; valvulis subtenuibus, anticé paulisper crassioribus; natibus promiaulis; epidermide luteo-oliva, eradiata ; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, obliquis, subcompressis crenulatisque ; lateralibus longis, lamellatis subcurvisque; margarita ceruleo-alba et irides- cente.
Hab.—Florida. J. G. Anthony.
MARGARITANA QUADRATA.—Test& levi, oblonga, subcompressd, ad latere planulata, subequilaterali, posticé obtusé angulata, anticé rotunda; valvulis subtenuibus, anticé paulisper crassioribus; natibus prominulis, ad apices un- dulatis ; epidermide luteola, viridi-radiaté ; dentibus cardinalibus subgrandi- bus, obliquis, compressis, triangularis, erectis subcurvisque; margarita alba, superné salmonis colore tincta, et valdé iridescente.
Hab.—East Tennessee, President Estabrook.
MarGARITANA ALABAMENSIS.—Testa levi, oblonga, inflata, ad lateré paulisper planulata, inzquilaterali, posticé obtusé biangulata, anticé oblique rotundata ; valvulis subcrassis, anticé paulisper crassioribus; natibus prominulis, ad apices rugoso undulatis ; epidermide Juteo-oliva, polita, eradiata ; dentibus cardinali- bus parvis, suberectis; margarité alba et salmonia et iridescente.
Hab.—Talladega Creek, Alabama. W. Spillman, M. D.
Descriptions of New Recent Shells from the Coast of South Carolina. BY EDMUND RAVENEL, M. D.
COLUMBELLA SIMILIS.
This has generally been considered the young or immature shell of ‘‘C. avara.’? The avara is a larger shell, and has fewer and much larger ribs at the upper portion of the body whorl. It has about 11 ribs; whereas this shell has often as many as 20 ribs, butthe number varies. The avara never has all of the
1861.]
42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
whorls decidedly ribbed ; the larger ribs are usually confined to the body whorl, sometimes extending to the second; but above this, there is a space embracing one or more whorls, which is smooth or slightly wrinkled, and the two or three upper whorls are regularly ribbed to the apex. With the “ similis,” the ribs on the body whorl are more numerous, smaller and more regular generally, and occupy more of the whorl, and generally all of the whorls are regularly ribbed to the apex. The general appearance of the two shells differs, one being always smaller than the other. The revolving striz are very similar in the two shells; the same may be said of the coloring, the “ similis” being the most prettily mottled. It must, however, be acknowledged, that the two run into each other so nearly, that occasionally, it is not easy to determine a speci- men. The uncertainty is increased by the difficulty in following up a series from the very young to the mature state of either. I have not been able to compare the animals; common on the coasts of North and South Carolina.
CoLUMBELLA TRANSLIRATA.
Shell elevated, conical, sharp at the apex; whorls nine, nearly flat, rather closely ribbed, ribs and interspaces about equal, with five equidistant revolving striz, from the anterior canal to the apex. Upon the upper whorls, one line is lost at the suture, where the whorls seem to overlap as they ascend; the body whorl is much the largest, and is angulated from opposite the posterior end of the aperture, revolving to near the centre of the outer lip; to this angle the ribs are half the number that are upon the whorl immediately above, and at the suture are nodulous; the nodules being generally white, give a decided character to the shell. Below this angle the ribs are much less decided, and again resume their original number, and by holding the canal towards the eye, the intermediate rib can be traced, running up between the larger ones, gradually becoming obsolete ; and below this angle the revolving strie become more numerous and more decided, crossing the ribs so as to produce a reticu- lated appearance, except as they approach the end of the anterior canal, where the ribs cease and the revolving strie alone are to be seen.
Aperture moderate, oblong, rather narrow, very little hollowed on the pillar lip; pillar callus with obsolete denticulations; outer lip not decidedly thickened, denticulate slightly within.
Color varying from a light straw to a dark brown, with the ends of the ribs at the suture of the body whorl and at the angle on this whorl, white. Some of the specimens have blotches of white, which give the whole shell a mottled appearance. Itis larger than C. avara Say, being nearly an inch in length. This shell and “ C. similis,” are allied to ‘“ C. avara,” but are very distinct. They belong to the group of which C. avara Say is the type.
From the stomachs of fish off Charleston bar, and is more abundant than any ar obtained from this source as yet. Dr. Stimpson found it at Beaufort, COLUMBELLA IONTHA.
Shell fusiform, strong, small, with nine flat, ribbed whorls, white, with brown blotches and lines. Suture deep and distinct, both the upper and lower edges of the whorls being chamfered ; the ribs on the body whorl near the aperture less distinct than on other parts of the shell ; anterior portion of this whorl with numerous revolving strie; these impressed strie give place to colored lines as they ascead, and these are continued more or less distinct to the apex, being visible only as they cross the ribs and not in the intermediate Spaces, except here and there, where being more deeply colored and descend- ing between the ribs, produce the blotches which mark the shell.
The aperture is small, rather wide in proportion, the pillar lip much hollowed above, suddenly becoming straight to form the canal; outer lip considerably enlarged, denticulated sparsely within; length a little over } of an inch.
This is a very pretty little shell, allied to the group which embraces
[Feh.
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 43
0. pulchella Sow. and C. Jaspidea Sow., of West Indies; this species being more elongated.
A single specimen obtained from the stomach of a blackfish, off Charleston bar.
QOLUMBELLA NIVEA.
Shell small, delicate, elongated-conic, white, immaculate, smooth, polished. prettily striated on the outer part of the canal, lower whorl longer than the spire, suture distinct, with one white revolving line a little below it on the whorls, like a double suture; pillar covered with callus, much hollowed, sud- denly becoming straight to form the canal; callus ends in a distinct edge ; outer lip a little thickened, sparsely denticulated within, the posterior tooth being decidedly the most prominent.
This is a pretty little shell, allied to Buccinum rosaceum Gould, and C. lunata
Say. A single specimen was taken from the stomach of a fish off Charleston bar.
NasSA CONSENSA,
Shell ovate-conical, ribbed and crossed by numerous revolving striz ; whorls 7, and the apex; whorls rounded, with eleven strong ribs; suture deep. Scol- loped by the ribs; revolving strie crossing the ribs, as well as the interstitial spaces. f
Aperture nearly ovai, outer lip much thickened, denticulate within, the lar- gest tooth being in the form of a ridge ; next the canal; pillar much hollowed ; with slight callus above, which is much thickened to form the canal, canal short oblique, turned backwards; the lower portion of the pillar which turns out of the aperture to form the canal is quite white with crowded, incon- spicuous, revolving strie; on the pillar at the edge of the canal there is one deep groove.
Color of the shell generally yellowish-brown, with a narrow deep brown band immediately next the white projection at the canal; next to this, on the body whorl, isa much wider band of lighter brown, which revolves at the suture to the apex of the shell; all other portions of the shell are marked by delicate lines more or less grouped, of yellowish-brown. On the thickened portion of the outer lip these lines are here and there more deeply colored in spots.
This is a very pretty shell; a single specimen was found in a fish off Charles- ton bar; 14 fathoms.
It resembles WN. incrassata of England, and we have seen it in collections labelled ‘“ NV. ambigua Moret, West Indies.”
DktLuaA ELOZANTHA.
Shell robust, conico-cylindrical, with ten whorls, which are bi-carinate, by being deeply grooved immediately above the suture, and again in the upper half of the whorl. The ridge left between these grooves is ornamented by ten strong, yellow, smooth, shining tubercles; the upper edge of the whorl is again bevelled, forming the second carina, which is not at all nodulous. Below the nodulous carena on the body whorl, there are obsolete ribs, crossed by four nodulous ridges, the first touching the tubercles of the principal carina; below these there are eight others, some of which are obscurely nodulous ; on all parts of the shell not occupied by the tubercles or carina, there are numer- ous fine equidistant striz, requiring the glass to bring them to view.
The aperture small, outer line made oblique by the deep sinus of the thick outer lip, just below the suture; the pillar is nearly straight, with a strong callus, the edge of which is thick and well defined.
Color deep brown, generally, becoming a little lighter from the tubercles to the suture, embracing the upper carina; near the extremity of the canal there is a lighter colored band, taking in three of the ridges; beyond that to the extremity is again almost black. This shell is allied to the ‘ P. ornata”
1861.]
44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
d’Orbigny ; the ornata has 12 tubercles, the whorls, “ bipartitis, antice, albidis, postice, zona, fulva notatis.” The figure corresponds less than the description, with the present species.
Obtained from stomachs of fish off Charleston bar; the three specimens found correspond accurately ; all dead.
M. d’Orbigny describes another species of this group ‘ P. albo- maculata,” but it cannot be confounded with the others.
LIOCARDIUM PICTUM.
Shell ovate, triangular, very oblique somewhat compressed, smooth, polished, with a few obsolete ribs at each end, and obsoletely waved by the lines of growth; beaks small, prominent, nearly touching, very much in advance of the centre, anterior end short, regularly curved, posterior end produced, somewhat an ular,
Color reddish-brown, in zig-zag spots and blotches upon a white ground. Internally polished, of a reddish-brown, clouded, with some patches of yellow, and a little white, with obscure ribs, which become more conspicuous near the margin, crenulating the entire margin.
Length 0°78 in., breadth 0-7 in.
‘This is a very pretty shell, much more compressed, a little thicker and stronger than ‘‘C. Morton.” Taken from the stomachs of fish off Charleston bar. Many imperfect specimens were obtained; the gastric fluids seem to act readily upon it and remove the polish and color very soon ; many of the valves were still held together by the ligament, when the substance of the shell was almost destroyed. It is more oblique than L. serratum.
LITHODOMUS FORFICATUS,
Shell thin, fragile, white; from about the middle to the anterior end covered with a thin calcareous coat; from this to the posterior end quite white. Beaks very near the anterior end, but not terminal ; posterior end produced, much elongated, terminating in a narrow projection on each valve, from the double margin on one valve and from the basal margin on the others so arranged that when the shell is closed, these projections cross each other, resembling some- what the claw of a crab. Anterior end round, and when the shell is closed it is cylindrical from the anterior end as far as an angle on the dorsal margin, just posterior to the termination of the ligament; from this point it tapers gradually to the end of the shell proper, where the projections are formed by the sudden scooping out of the valves, the one above and the other below.
Within light, salmon color, shining and iridescent, the projecting points are entirely white.
This interesting shell was found imbedded in a mass of coral drawn up by a fishing line from the ‘ Blackfish Banks,”? off Charleston bar, 14 fathoms. There was quite a colony of them in the thicker part of the coral, most of them small, about } inch; the largest specimen removed was about I} inch. The shell was completely imbedded in a cavity of its exact form, only a little larger, quite smooth within, communicating with the exterior by a small, short, open tube, through which the white points protruded. Upon breaking open the cavity, the shell was found attached by a byssus.
Synopsis of the Subfamily of PERCINZE. BY THEODORE GILL.
The present synopsis of the fishes of the subfamily of Percine has resulted from the investigations made of the comparative characters of the genera and species of Labraces. It was originally prepared for Captain J. H. Simpson’s forthcoming report of his Explorations across the continent in the years 1858—
[Feb.
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 45
1859, but it has been deemed adyisable to have it published in the Proceed- ings of the Academy.
The family of Percoids, as finally restricted by Cuvier in the second edition of his ‘“‘Regne Animal,” contained too unlike and heterogeneous an assem- blage of genera to be deemed a natural one. The section chiefly embracing the species of the old Linnean genus Perca having seven branchiostegal rays, have a strong family resemblance, with, perhaps, the exception of the genera Apogon and Chilodipterus of Lacepede, Pomatomus of Risso, and Ambassis of Commerson. The last mentioned genera, although placed in the section with two dorsal fins and seven branchiostegal rays, and interposed between genera of the subfamily of Percine as here accepted, do not appear to be very nearly related to those fishes.
On the other hand, the genera Pomotis Cuv., Centrarchus Cuvy., and Dules Cuy. and Val., placed in the section of the family with less than seven bran- chiostegal rays and with a single dorsal fin, appear to be natural allies of the Percine, but at the same time distinguished by some well marked peculi- arities.
Of the remaining genera of the Cuvieran Percoids, Cirrhites of Commerson and Chironemus of Cuvier form a natural family, to which should perhaps be also referred the Chilodactyli of Lacepede placed by Cuvier in his family of Scienoids.
The Priacanthi of Cuvier appear to be either members of the family of Holo- centroids, or perhaps, more properly, form a family by themselves related to the former.
The genera Therapon, Datnia, Pelates and Helotes of Cuvier and Valenciennes are also natural associates and belong to a peculiar group.
The Trichodons of Steller, as well as the Zrachini of Linnzus, should be also withdrawn from the Percoids, and may perhaps belong to one family, for which Bonaparte’s name of Zrachinoide must be retained.
The genera Percis, Pinguipes, Sillago and Percophis of Cuvier certainly do not belong to the family of Percoids. They seem to be quite nearly allied to each other, and to the Zrachinoids.
The Uranoscopi of Linnzus form a very natural family, whose affinities are apparently with the Sclerogenoid Synancheoids and the Blennoids.
The Holocentri, Myripristes and Beryces have been by most modern naturalists regarded as belonging to a family quite distinct from the Percoids. To the same family has been also referred the genus Jrachichthys of Shaw, but which may possibly also be the type of a distinct but nearly allied family.
The third division of Cuvier or the abdominal Percoids have also been long since taken from that family and distributed among several distinct ones.
After these numerous subtractions, the family of Percoids is still one of the richest in genera and species of the class. It is, at the same time, one of the most natural and most universally distributed. Representatives are found in the fresh water streams and lakes, or along the shores of almost every country on the globe, but the family attains its highest development in the tropical seas. So similar are many of the species found in the most distant regions, that the eye of a naturalist accustomed to the examination can alone detect differences. Species of the same genus are found alike on each side of the Atlantic Ocean, in the Caribbean Sea, on the Western coast of tropical America, and on all the coasts of temperate and tropical Asia and Africa.
While the marine species are thus numerous and similar in the tropical regions of the globe, the fresh water species attain their greatest development in number and variety in the temperate zones. Two genera are represented by closely related species in Europe and North America. Others are peculiar to Europe and are balanced in North America by genera characteristic of that country. The preponderance of both generic types and of species is greatly
1861.]
46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
in favor of the ‘‘New World.” The genera thus peculiar to the different countries are not typical members of the family, but always more or less aberrant. In Europe, are found the Acerine represented by the genus Percis of Klein or Acerina of Cuvier; the Percarine represented by a single genus and species, and the still more aberrant subfamily of Asperuline with the genus Asperulus of Klein or Aspro of Cuvier.
As an offsett to the European genera, there is found in the fresh waters of the United States, a subfamily containing eight genera and numerous species. The genera which America shares in common with Europe are also more developed in the former country than in the latter, and there are species of two allied genera of which no representatives are found in Europe.
It has been already remarked that the family of Percoids is represented in Europe by three peculiar tribes or subfamilies. In North America there are only two. In the number of widely distinct forms, Europe is therefore richer than America. For the differences existing between the Grystine and the Percine can scarcely be considered as of greater value than those between the Percine on one hand and the Acerine and Asperuli on the other. The differ- ences between the two latter are equally well defined, and it is perhaps doubt- ful if those genera belong to even the same family as the typical Percoids. But if the family of Percoids has more varied types in the old world, that one found in the new exhibits far more numerous modifications, which indicate generic and specific value.
We now proceed to exhibit the characters of the subfamily of Percine and give a synopsis of all the known genera.
Percin® (Bon.) Gill.
The body is elongated or oblong ovate, more or less compressed. The head in profile is more or less elongated, conical and compressed. The eyes mostly or entirely in the anterior half of the head, are generally of large size. The mouth is large or moderate, with the gape extending at least to the anterior margin of the eye. The teeth are generally villiform, rarely canine, and cover the jaws, vomer and palatine bones. The intermaxillary bones have very short ascending processes, and are scarcely protractile. The nostrils are two on each side, forming the angles of a transversely oblong or elongated quad- rangle; the anterior nostrils are subtubular, and the posterior simple aper- tures. The opercular bones are more or less pectinated or armed with teeth ; the operculum terminates in generally one or more spiniform processes. The branchiostegal membrane is very deeply emarginated, the sinus extending to between the corners of the mouth; there the membranes of opposite sides appear to be folded across each other, and leave a very narrow free margin ; there are seven branchiostegal rays on each side, decreasing in size quite uniformly to the external. The scales are of moderate or small size, and on the trunk are pectinated and with a narrow muricated border; those on the head are either pectinated or cycloid ; the scales on the cheeks are smallest, and occasionally scarcely perceptible. The dorsals are two in number, and are either entirely disconnected or united at the base by a low membrane; the first dorsal is well developed, and supported by from seven to fifteen spines, the longest of which generally equal the height of the second dorsal. The anal fin is generally shorter than the second dorsal; it has two or three spines and from six to thirteen branched rays. The pectorals are of small or moderate size, in the normal percoid position on the humeral cincture, and have rounded margins. The ventrals are also of moderate size and situated behind the bases of the pectorals ; they have each one spine and five gradually decreasing branched rays; the innermost ray is free from the abdomen, or scarcely connected to it by an axillar membrane.
The subfamily of Percine as thus limited is a very natural one. Its charac-
[ Feb.
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 47
ters in many respects correspond to those of the first group of the Percoids of Giinther, called by him Percina, but several genera are introduced into the latter which destroy the natural character of the group. The genus Parala- brax of Girard belongs more properly to the Serranine, as does also Ltelis of Cuvier and Valenciennes. On the systematic value of Acerine and Aspro, we have already remarked. Boleosoma and Pileoma of Dekay are certainly not natural members of the Percing, nor can they even be properly regarded as belonging to the same family; they are more nearly allied to the Gobioids. Finally, Hnoplosus of Cuvier appears to be the type of a distinct subfamily.
The Percine, although represented by many generic forms, are not numer- ous in species. Many of them are found in fresh water, and probably all of them ascend rivers for a short distance, at some period of the year or are found at their mouths.
The following scheme is supposed to show nearly the natural order and characters of the known genera. As several of them have not been seen by us, we remain in doubt as to their natural position.
ge
Intermaxillary and palatine bones provided with some large teeth, arranged in rows ; rest of the teeth villiform. Tongue toothless.
Genus Stizosrepion (Raf.) Girard.
Les Sandres Cuv., Regne Animal, ed. i. vol. ii. p. 294, : ; : 1817. Stizostedion Raf, Ichthyologia Ohiensis, Dao ‘ 2) 1820: Lucioperca Cuv. et Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. ii. . pe 110, . 1828. Sandrus Stark, Elements of Natural History, vol. i. p. 465° : 7) 1828:
Body slender, elongate-fusiform, covered with scales arranged in oblique rews. Head semiconical, quite broad, with the cheeks and opercula generally covered with scales ; isolated patches of scales on the sides of the posterior part of the head ; rest of the head covered with a naked skin. Preoperculum serrated ; operculum armed with from one to five spines. Dorsal fins two; the first supported by from twelve to fifteen spines.
This genus is peculiar to the fresh water streams, rivers and lakes of North America and Europe.
ell: Intermaxillary, vomerine and palatine bones provided only with villiform teeth. zALe Pseudobranchiz present. a.
Head with its superior surface scaleless, or only with two scaly areas on each side of the posterior part. Anterior dorsal fin provided with from seven to fifteen spines. Tongue without teeth.
Lateral line linear, ceasing at the base of the caudal fin.
Genus Prrca Linn., Cuv.
Perca sp. Linn., Systema Nature. Perca sp. Cuv. et Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. ii. Perca Giinther, Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fish, &c., vol. i. p. 62.
Body elongate-fusiform. Head conical in profile, coy ha on the cheeks and preoperculum, suboperculum and upper part of the operculum with cycloid scales of moderate size. Operculum generally naked and radiatedly striated. Preoperculum with its anterior margin well defined and entire, and
1861. ]
48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
its true margin serrated posteriorly, and inferiorly armed generally with teeth curved forwards. Operculum with a single spine. Suborbital bone entire. Suprascapular, scapular and coracoid bones serrated. Dorsal fins entirely disconnected ; the first provided with from twelve to fifteen spines. Anal fin furnished with two spines.
This genus, of which the common Yellow Perch is the type, is peculiar to Europe and North America. Its species are not yet well defined or known.
Type. Perca fluviatilis Linn. Genus Kuuuia Gill.
Perca sp. Cuv, et Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. ii. p. 52. Percichthys sp. Gunther, Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fish, &., vol. i. p- 62. Body elongated, fusiform. Head conical. Anterior dorsal fin sustained by nine spines ; the posterior with a spine and about eleven articulated rays. A single species is known ; it is peculiar, so far as known, to the Island of
Jaya. Type. Kuhlia ciliata Gill. Syn. Perca ciliata Cuv. et Val.
Genus NipHon Cuv. et Val.
Niphon Cwv. et Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. ii. p. 131.
Body elongated and subfusiform. Head oblong-conical in profile. Lower jaw longer. Preoperculum posteriorly serrated, armed below with anteriorly recurved spines, and at the angle with a large-horizontal one. Operculum with three strong spines. Suborbital bone serrated. Dorsal fins connected at the base by a little elevated membrane; the anterior with twelve spines. Anal fin with three moderate spines. A single species is found in the Chinese and Japanese seas.
Type. Niphon spinosus Cuv. el Val.
**
Lateral line elevated and continued between the median rays to the margin of the forked caudal fin. Genus CrenTropomus (Lac.) Cuy.
Labrax sp. Kletz. Centropomus sp. Lacepede, Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. iv. p. 248.
Centropomus Cuv., Regne Animal, ed. i. vol. ii.
Body elongated and fusiform. Head oblong-conical in profile. Lower jaw longer. Preoperculum with the anterior margin furnished with two spines at its angle, and with its posterior and inferior serrated and armed at the angle with larger teeth directed backwards. Operculum with no true spine. Sub- orbital and suprascapular bones serrated. Dorsal fins entirely disconnected ; the first sustained by eight spines. Anal fin trapezoidal, with three spines, the second of which is very large, and with about six branched rays. ‘
Several species are found in the Carribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and along the neighboring coasts.
Type. Centropomus undecimalis Lac.
b.
Head with its dorsal surface covered with scales, extending almost to the nostrils. Anterior dorsal fin furnished with from nine to eleven spines.
b*. Teeth on the jaws and palate villiform ; tongue or interbranchial isthmus with villiform teeth. [Feb.
CATALOGUE
OF THE
FISHES
OF THE
EASTERN COAST OF NORTH AMERICA, GREENLAND TO GEORGIA.
BY
THEODORE GILL.
JANUARY, 1861.
INTRODUCTION:
About fourteen years have now elapsed since the publication of Dr. D. H. Storer’s ‘‘ Synopsis of the Fishes of North America.”* That work is the last, and, indeed, almost the only special work that has ever been published, professing to give a complete enumeration of the various species of fishes which have been described as inhabitants of the waters that bound, or course through, our continent. During the interval that has elapsed between its composition and the present day, the progress of Ichthyology, in common with every other branch of Natural Science, has been such, that the “Synopsis of the Fishes of North America” presents a very inadequate view of the present condition of our knowledge. It appeared desirable that a list of the numerous species described in various special works and the Transactions of learned societies should be pub- lished, in order to exhibit the extent of our Fauna. The following Cata- logue has therefore been prepared, and is believed to be a close approxi- mation to the correct nomenclature of species of our coast.
Dissatisfied with all the existing schemes of classification, we have not strictly adhered to any one, as will be sufficiently evident on examination of the Catalogue. The following arrangement approximates most nearly tothat of the late celebrated and learned Johannes Miiller, but the orders of Pharyngognathi, Anacanthini and even Malacopteri have been rejected as such, they having apparently no real existence in naturé; for conve- nience of classification, some have been retained as suborders.
We7 have already remarked on the close affinity of several genera of the Miillerian Pharyngognathi to others of that biologist’s Acanthopterz ; we have cited the mutual resemblance of Pterophyllum of Heckel and Platax ; of Astronotus of Swainson and Lobotes, and of Amblodon ¢{ of Rafinesque and Corvena, and have remarked that Cuvier had even re- garded the respective analogous genera as identical, while the Mullerian classification would refer them to different orders. We may further re- mind the reader of the very close affinity of the Pseudochromoids to the true Chromoids, and that Malacanthus, which has by all naturalists been
*¢¢ A Synopsis of the Fishes of North America,’’ by David Humphreys Storer, M. D., A. A.S. Canines; 1846: 7b. in ‘‘Memoirs of the American Academy,” vol. ii.
+ ‘‘ Notes on a collection of Japanese Fishes, made by Dr. J. Morrow,’’ by Theo. Gill, in Proc. Acad. of Natural Sciences, for 1859, p. 148.
t ‘* Notice of a collection of Fishes from the southern bend of Tennessee river, in the State of Alabama,’’ by L. Agassiz, in American Journal of Science and Arts, second series, vol. xvii. p. 307.
4
admitted as a true Labroid, differs from the other genera of that family by the separation of the inferior pharyngeal bones, and would therefore be an Acanthopteran of Miiller, and consequently a member of a different order from the Labroids.
But even if the Labroids, the Pomacentroids and the Chromoids are ordinally distinct from the Acanthopteri, they can scarcely be considered as natural associates of the Scomberesocoids, which have, by Miller, been placed in the same order, but under a distinct suborder. The Scom- beresocoids appear, indeed, to be much more nearly related to the Scom- broids and their allies than to any other members of the class. This relation we perhaps see more strongly in the genus Scomberesox than any other, but in all it is quite apparent. The pinnules or false finlets of Scomberesox above and below the caudal peduncle remind us at once of the true Scombroids.. The structure of the scales, the mode of squama- tion, and the lateral carina add to the likeness. We even see an analogous instance of the prolongation of the maxillaries, nasal .and frontal bones, to form a beak in the family of Xiphioids, which, by all naturalists, have ever been regarded as very near allies of the Scombroids, and by many as belonging to the same family.
The Aulostomoids have also many characters in common with the Scomberesocoids, and should be apparently classed nearthem. ‘To those who object, on account of the different nature of the fin rays, to the like- ness of Scomberesox and the Scombroids as not being indicative of affinity, we would refer to the well known Solenostomi (Channorhynchi of Cantor or Fistularve of Linneus.) Those fishes are as totally destitute of spines as any of the Scomberesocoids, and yet no naturalist can overlook their affinity to the Aulostomz of Lacepede or Polypterichthys of Bleeker, each of which have a number of spines before the rayed dorsal fin, and are thus, if we look to single characters only, truly referable to the Acanthopteri. But why need we say anything on the futility of an ordinal classification, based on the nature of the rays alone? It is only necessary to mention the Ichthyoscopi of Swainson and Leptoscope and Dactyloscopa of Gill among the Uranoscopoids ; the Aspzdophorozdes of Lacepede among the Agonoids ; the genus Gobcopus of Gill, and others among the Gobioids, and the whole family of Pseudochromoids. Convinced, then, that the nature of the rays alone is not sufficient to determine the affinities of fishes, and as there are no important anatomical differences, we have ap- proximated both the Aulostomatoids and the Scomberesocoids to the Scombroids, as well as the Echenioids, which are related to the same fishes through means of Elacates.
To those who refer to the abdominal position of the ventral fins, as an argument against the affinity of Scomberesox and the Scombroids, we point to the same Aulostomoids, to the Sphyrenoids, the Atherinoids, and Campylodontoids, and perhaps the Gasterosteoids.
The likeness of Scomberesox to the Scombroids has already been
5
alluded to by Professor Agassiz, who has remarked on the similarity of the finlets of that genus and the Mackerels. Lacepede has himself per- petuated his appreciation of the same resemblance in the name which he has given to the group. Agassiz has also adyerted to the affinity of Echeneis to Elacates—an affinity which has been also recognized and in- sisted on by Holbrook* and very recently by Giinther.t
The Cottoids and other Sclerogenoids have been removed from the station assigned to them by most naturalists, and are now placed after the Scombroid and before the Blennoid group. . The distinction between the formidably armed Sculpins (Acanthocottus) and the typical Blen- noids, defenceless and almost totally destitute of robust spines, is indeed great, but there is still an evident likeness between them. There is also a strict gradation between the almost Percoid-looking Sebastes to the loose-set Blennoid through the long chain of striking forms which have been ranged in the respective families of Sclerogenoids and Blennoids.
From the Blennoids, the passage to the Cod fishes appears to be also gradual. This likeness has been recognized by several of the older natu- ralists, who have referred Blennoids to the old “genus” Gadus, and Gadoids to Blennvus. The late Prince of Caninot had even placed the common “Toad fishes” (Batrachus) of the Americans in a group which he has called the order ‘‘ Gadi,” and in which he has also included the Leptocephaloids, Ammodytoids, Ophidioids, Macruroids, Gadoids and Bibronioids. Nor does the approximation of those fishes to the Gadoids appear very unnatural. There is some likeness between the Batrach? and Ranzceps, but perhaps there is more actual affinity between them and the Uranoscopozds, and in the vicinity of the former, we have, at least provisionally, accordingly retained them, thus adopting the views first announced by Agassiz, and recently reaffirmed by Girard. The Uranoscopoids themselves are obviously connected with the Synanchoid genus Trachicephalus§ of Swainson, and through them with the other Sclerogenoids. The remarkable genus Dactyloscopus of Gill shows the affinities of the Uranoscopoids to the Blennoids.
This is net the proper place to enter more fully into the affinities of the smaller groups. We turn to the larger.
Miiller|| has divided the class of fishes into six subclasses, characterized
* “Tchthyology of South Carolina,’’ by John Edwards Holbrook, M.D. 4to. Charleston, 1855, (p. 104.)
+On the History of Echeneis, by Dr. Albert Giinther, in ‘‘The Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’’ 1860.
¢ ‘Catalogo Metodico dei Pesci Europei di Carlo L. Principe Bonaparte,’’ Napoli, 1846.
§ This name cannot be retained, as it had been previously applied to a valid genus of Saurians. The name of Uranoblepus may be conferred on it. A new species from China is in the collection of the North Pacific Exploring Expedi- tion, and was collected by Dr. Stimpson.
|| ‘* Ueber den Ganoiden und den natiirliche System der Fische,’’ and various other Memoirs, by J. Miller.
6
by differences observed in the vascular and nervous systems. Four at least of these are very distinct, and Agassiz* has recently even sug- gested that they are entitled to rank as classes, basing his opinion chiefly on the difference of development in each group.
Representatives of five of the subclasses of Miiller are found on the Eastern shores of North America. In accordance with the suggestion of Prof. Baird, a synopsis is given of the most obvious and important char- acters of each.
Subclass TELEOSTEHI Miiller.
The first subclass has been named Trtxoste1 by Miiller. The endo- skeleton is almost always osseous. The scapular arch is suspended from the skull; the supra scapula generally connected with the mastoid and paroccipital bones. The exo-skeleton is generally in the form of cycloid or ctenoid scales, but sometimes the body is naked and sometimes covered with bony scales, plates or spines. The optic nerves cross each other in their passage from their respective lobes to the eyes. The bulbus arteriosus has almost always only two opposite semilunar valves. The branchial apertures are represented by simple fissures on each side. There are four pairs of true and well developed branchial arches, each of which generally supports free branchiz. An air-bladder is generally pre- sent. ‘The ventral fins vary in position and are sometimes absent.
This subclass embraces by far the largest proportion of existing fishes. Tf we consider the Plectognaths, the Lophobranchiates and the Siluroids, as members of the group, we may divide it into five natural and easily distinguished orders. Agassiz considers the three orders above mentioned as perhaps more nearly allied to the Ganoids. For the present, we prefer to retain them among the Teleostei.
The orders may be thus characterized :
Order THLHEOCEPHALT Gill.
The endo-skeleton is almost always perfectly developed. The body is generally covered by ctenoid or cycloid scales. The branchie are pecti- nated. The supramaxillaries and intermaxillaries are always present and separated from each other.t The subopercular bone is almost invariably present.{ Many of the rays are articulated and branched.
This order embraces the largest number of recent fishes, and is cosmo- politan in distribution. Almost all of the fishes most esteemed as food belong to it.
Tt is divisible into several suborders.
**¢Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of America, by Louis Agassiz.’’ Boston, 1857, vol. i.
{In the family of Mormyroids, the intermaxillary bones are united, but they are distinct from the supramaxillaries.
{It is absent in the Notopteroids.
Ea
Suborder PHYSOCLYSTI* (Bon.)
Tne scales, when present, are either ctenoid or cycloid ; there are rare- ly osseous plates. The anterior rays of the dorsal and anal fins, and the first ray of the ventrals are simple or spinous. The ventrals are generally more or less anterior. The lower pharyngeal bones are small and tri- angular, sometimes united, but generally distinct ; the teeth are implanted onthe plane surface. The air-bladder never has a duct communicating with the intestinal canal.
The group for which we have retained Bonaparte’s name of P hysoclysti corresponds nearly to the Acanthopterygians, and jugular Malacoptery- gians of Cuvier, and to the Acanthopteri, Pharyngognathi and Anacan- thini of Miiller, the Pleuronectoids being omitted. The differences be- tween those respective groups is so slight, and there is such an obvious similarity between some genera of each that we cannot believe their dis- tinction is founded in nature. We have retained, with Cuvier and Miil- ler, the Pharyngognathan families of Acanthopterygians at the end of the present suborders, but their affinities are probably rather with the Scice- noids, the Chcetodontoids, and even the Percoids. There is indeed a very strong resemblance between the Chromoid genera, Cichlasoma of Swainson or Acara of Heckel, and G'eophagus of Heckel and the Percoid Sunfishes (Pomotis of Rafinesquet) and Centrarchz.
Suborder HETEROSOMAT A Bon.
The chief distinctive feature of this group consists in the unsymmetri- cal body, the eyes being on one side of the head, and the mouth more or less distorted. The side on which the eyes are situated is dark or vari- ously colored, while the eyeless is almost always white. The scales are either ctenoid or cycloid. The dorsal and anal fins are very long, and composed mostly of articulated rays. The ventrals are jugular. There is no air-bladder.
This suborder was first recognized as an order by Prince Bonaparte. It embraces the well known ‘“ Flounders” and “ Flat-fishes” of our coasts.
Suborder PHYSOSTOMI (Miiller.)
The scales are generally cycloid, almost the only exceptions occurring
* Derived from gu’za, bladder, and xazecc, closed, in allusion to the absence of a duct communicating between the air-bladder and mouth, or intestinal canal.
{ Ichthyologia Ohiensis.
{ Heterosomes Dumeri/, Zoologie Analytique ou Méthode Naturelle de classi- fication des Animaux, Paris, 1806, p. 132, 133.
Heterosomata Bonaparte, Catalogo Metodico dei Pesci Europei, 1846, p. 6.
Dumeril regarded the group as a family.
8
\
in the genera Luciocephalus of Blecker,* Percopszs of Agassiz,t and some Characinst where all or some of them are ctenoid. The fins are mostly sustained by branched rays, only the first rays being sometimes simple. The ventral fins are always abdominal. The lower pharyngeal bones are separated, and almost always small and triangular, with the teeth ona plane surface. The air-bladder communicates by a duct with the mouth ‘or intestinal canal.
This suborder is almost co-equal in extent with the Physostomz of Mul- ler, the Cyprinocds being alone withdrawn. It embraces on our own coasts. the Salmonoids, Clupeoids and similar fishes.
Suborder EVENTOGNATHI Gill.
The body, with only three exceptions, is provided with cycloid scales.¢ All the rays of the fins, except the first of each, are branched. The ven- trals are always abdominal. The lower pharyngeal bones are of a more or less falciform shape, greatly developed, nearly parallel with the branchial arches, and provided on the internal surface of the curved por-
*«¢Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indie,’ vol. i. p. 273, vol. ls p- 99.
+ ‘‘ Lake Superior; its physical character, vegetation and animals,*’ &c., by Louis Agassiz, Boston, 1850, p. 284.
Prof. Baird (‘‘Iconographic Encyclopedia of Science, Literature and Art,’’ translated from the German of Heck, N. Y., 1851, vol. ii. p. 212) has indicated the affinity of Percopsis with the Characins.
{Ina species preserved in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, nearly allied to the Xiphostomas of Spix, and especially to the Xiphostoma hujeta of Valenciennes, the scales are covered with numerous closely approxi- mated ridges abruptly commencing at the bases of their exposed surfaces, and terminating in as many strong teeth on the posterior margin. Valenciennes has not described the structure of the scales in the species of X’phostoma known to him. But he as well as Muller and Troschel in the ‘‘ Hore Ich- thyologice,’’ have mentioned them as being of moderate size. The ridges and pectinated margins of those of our fish are so strongly marked that it is scarcely possible that they should have been overlooked, if they occurred in the species known to the very excellent naturalists above mentioned.
The dorsal fin of our fish is more posterior than in the typical Xiphostomas, being above the anal; the anus is under the anterior rays of the dorsal. In this respect it resembles Xiphostoma maculatum and X. hujeta of Valencien- nes.
Three specimens of the species were collected at Truando, by Mr. Arthur Schott on Lieut. Michler’s Expedition to the Atrato river. They will be de- scribed under the generic name of Ctenolucius. It must remain undecided whether the two species of Xiphostoma of Valenciennes, agreeing in the posi- tion of the dorsal and anal fins, are really congeneric.
The scales of the common ‘‘ mossbonker’’ or ‘‘menhaden’’ (Brevoortia menhaden Gill,) and other allied species have also the margins of the scales more or less pectinated. Most of the scales of the Cyprinodont genus Lucio- cephalus of Bleeker or Diplopterus of Gray are also ctenoid.
§ The body is destitute of scales in the American genus Meda of Girard, and the very characteristic European Aulopyge of Heckel. But one species of each is known. The typical species of Phoxinellus are also scaleless.
9
tion with large teeth of various forms. The air-bladder is divided by con- striction into two or three portions, and communicates by a duct with the cesophagus.
If the pharyngeal bones are of any value in classification, the Cypri- noids appear to be entitledsto distinction as a suborder of the Teleo- cephali. The differences between the form of the pharyngeal bones of this group and those of the Acanthopteri seem to be certainly of much greater value than the difference between those of the latter and the Pha- ryngognathi. The form in both of those are the same, and the only dif- ference is the separation or coalescence of the lower bones. The pharyn- geal bones of the Cyprinoids, on the contrary, have a very different form from those of either of the other orders. Other anatomical peculiarities appear to justify us in the separation of the group from the other Physos- tomi of Miiller. We have accordingly bestowed on it the name of Even- tognathi in allusion to the development of the pharyngeal jaws.
No true marine representatives of the Cyprinoids can be said to exist. The Hudsonius amarus of Girard,* Leucescus chrysopterus of Dekay,t a fish of doubtful genus, and some of the Northern Catostomi{ are found in brackish or salt water, but they can only be regarded as exceptional ex- amples, and scarcely as true marine fishes. They have consequently been excluded from our catalogue.
Order APODES Kaup 2
The body is always anguilliform, or extremely elongated ; the skin is generally naked, rarely covered with minute scales imbedded in the epi- dermis. The branchie are pectinated. The supramaxillaries and inter- maxillaries are smallor rudimentary. Teethare planted on the palatine and vomerine bones. With the vomer, the nasal and ethmoid pones are coal- escent.|| The ventral fins are always absent; the pectorals often; the
* ¢¢ Researches upon the Cyprinoid Fishes inhabiting the fresh waters of the United States west of the Mississippi valley, from specimens in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. By Charles Girard, M. D.,’’ p. 46, 2b. in Proc. of the Acad. of Natural Sciences, 1856.
t ‘‘ Zoology of New York, or the New York Fauna,’’ by James E. Dekay. Part iv. Fishes, p. 211, pl. xxx. fig. 95.
t Note in the Ichthyology of the voyage of the Erebus and Terror, by Sir John Richardson, p. 58.
The Rynchana Grey’, mentioned by Sir John as an instance of a purely marine representative of Cyprinoids, is a member of avery different family (Gonorhynchoide Val.) and belongs to the genus Gonorhynchus of Gronovius, as was afterwards acknowledged by its describer.
§ Catalogue of the Apodal Fish, in the collection of the British Museum, by Dr. Kaup, Professor of Natural History, Darmstadt, London, 1856.
Article ‘‘Ichthyology,’’ by Sir John Richardson, in the recent edition of the ‘‘ Encyclopedia Britannica.”’
Ichthyology of the Erebus and Terror, by Sir John Richardson, pp. 78, 114.
|| The skull of the representatives of the genus Murena is thus described by Sir John Richardson :
10 ,
dorsal, anal and caudal fins, when present, are always confluent; their rays are simple.
This order embraces the ‘‘ Eels” and ‘Congers.” The Electrical Hel (Gymnotus *electricus Linn.) and the allied forms are excluded from the order as they are true Teleocephali. In that order, there are many genera characterized by an elongated form and the absence of ventrals, but none in which there is the union of characters indicated in the foregoing diagnosis. In the present order alone is the absence of ventrals a perma- nent feature.
Order LEMNISCATI Kaup.
This is a small order of doubtful affinity, and is composed of small fishes which are destitute of ventral fins, and which are generally diaphanous, greatly elongated and much compressed or ribbon-formed. Anexception is seen in the genus Helmichthys of Rafinesque, in which the body is vermi- form or subeylindrical. The skull and vertebral column are incomplete and cartilaginous. The blood is colorless, and there is no spleen. The
“ Ossa cranii valida, solida, multa per anchylosin coalita. Ossa premaxil- laria maxilleque desunt. Os nasicum vomere ethmoideque in unum coalitum, dentiferum, munus ossium premaxillarium sustinens; os palati antice ad col- umnam orbite# anteriorem ossi nasi per symphisin inherens, postice per ten- dinem pedicello imo mandibule connexum; cumque osse nasi rictum oris superiorem conficiens. Mandibula longa, occiput postice equans vel transiens. Ejus pedicellum tympanicum os unicum, validum, triangulare in latere cranii late inherens.”’ :
Richardson remarks that the nomenclature of the bones of the skull of these fishes is a subject of no little difficulty, and he has gladly‘availed himself of that proposed by Professor Owen in his Lectures on the Vertebrata.
* The Gymnotoids are remarkable for the advanced position of the anus, which is under the throat, and in the typical species of Rhamphichthys (Miil- ler and Troschel) even before the eyes and between the limbs of the lower jaw. But the advanced anus is not peculiar to those fishes. It also occurs in the Aphredoderoids, and the Hypsceoids, both of which are North American forms. The latter have now at least two, and perhaps three distinct genera— Amblyopsis of Dekay, blind and provided with ventral fins ; Chologaster of Agassiz, with eyes, but without ventral fins; and Typlichthys of Girard, ap- pearing to aiffer from Chologaster only by its rudimentary eyes. It may be doubted whether the last two are distinct.
They bear nearly the same relation to each other that the ‘‘ crawfish’? of the Mammoth cave does to the numerous species found in our streams. Yet no carcinologist has attempted to generically distinguish the one from the others. All are for themtrue Cambari. Thereis an atrophy of asingle organ ; all other parts of their organization are similar. The single modification is adapted for a special purpose; to fit them for a peculiar habitat; there isno need of the organs or the sense, and they have been therefore withheld from them. As the modification is determined by habitat and not independent of it, it has scarcely a generic value unless accompanied by some other peculiarity.
Bourguignat in the ‘‘ Revue et Magazin de Zoologie ’’ for 1856, (vol. viii. p. -499) has established a genus, which he has named Zospeum, for a group of ter- restrial Gastropod Mollusks peculiar to the caves of Central Europe. Its spe- cies had been previousiy by most naturalists referred to Carychium.
11
body is entirely naked, and the arrangement of the muscles is very ap- parent.
It is very doubtful whether this order truly belongs near to the preced- ing orders, and it is only provisionally retained here. By Sir John Richard- son, in the valuable essay on ‘“ Ichthyology,” in the Encyclopedia Brit- annica, it is placed as a third suborder of the Dermopteri of Owen. Un- til itis better known, we prefer to retain it among the Teleostei, to which, notwithstanding the rudimentary condition of its organization, it appears to be more nearly allied. Sir John Richardson referred it to the Derm- opteri on account of the ‘absence of ossification in the skeleton, the gelatinous condition of the sheath of the spinal marrow, which, in the form of a ‘ chorda dorsalis,’ reaches into the base of the skull, and the per- sistence of the primordial cartilaginous cranium.”
A single species, the Leptocephalus gracilts of Storer, is found on our coast.
‘ Order NEMATOGNATHI Gill.*
The body is either naked, or protected by ganoid plates. The branchize are pectinated and supported on four arches as in the Teleocephali. The supra-maxillary bones are little developed, and are enveloped in the integuments which terminate in longer or shorter barbels. The suboper- cular bone is always absent. The rays are mostly articulated and branched.
This order embraces the “‘Catfishes,” ‘‘ Horn-pouts” and “ Bull-heads”’ or Ictalurey of North America. It embraces five families, and about one hundred and thirty or forty genera, which are chiefly represented in Asia and South America.
He has remarked on the general absence of sight in those animals found in caves and localities from which the light is excluded, and concludes that the want of that sense is of generic importance. While we are disposed to believe in the validity of the genus established by him, we can scarcely coincide in his views. The modification of a single organ dependant on the mode of life, we cannot yet regard as by itself of generic importance. But in most cases, such a modification is accompanied by others, and in conjunction with them, it assumes a systematic value.
These remarks have little relation to the subject in hand, but we have been naturally, although unintentionally, led to them, and think it advisable to re- tain them.
*** Tchthyologie Archipelagi Indici Prodromus, auct. P. Bleeker,’’ vol. 1. Siluri; Jb., in ‘* Acta Societatis Scientiarum Indo Nederlandicex,’’ vol. iy. 1858, is a valuable monograph of the order.
+Rafinesque first named and well defined the group of fresh water ‘‘Cat- fishes’’ of North America, conferring upon them the subgeneric name of Jctalu- rus, and dividing that subgenus into sections, some of which are of generic value. We admit four, Zctalurus ; Amiurus, of which the common catfishes of the eastern streams are representatives; Hopladelus, and Noturus. These genera will be described and illustrated in the forthcoming report. of Captain Simpson, U.S. A.
12
Order PLECTOGNATHI Cuv.
In this order the internal skeleton is less perfectly developed than in the Teleocephali. The exterioris covered with ganoid plates, granu- lations or spines. The supramaxillary and intermaxillary bones are united together into a continuous piece. The branchie are pectinated ; the branchial apertures small. The air-bladder has no duct.
In this order the Diodontoids and Tetraodontoids, popularly called “ Puffers,” ‘“‘ Blowers” and “ Balloon fishes,” and the Balistoids or ‘“ Trig- ger fishes,” are included.
Order LOPHOBRANCHIT Cuy. (Kaup.)*
‘fhe internal skeleton is less perfectly developed than in the Pectini- branchiata. The external skeleton is composed of polygonal plates, of an osseous and corneous structure, and which are joined to each other, but permit considerable mobility in the animal. The jaws are produced into an elongated tubular mouth. The branchie are tufted; the branchial apertures small and on each side of the nape. The air-bladder has no duct communicating with the intestinal canal.
This order embraces representatives of only two genera on our coasts, the well known “ Pipe-fishes” and ‘“ Sea-horses,” or the Syngnathz and Hippocamp? of naturalists. In the tropical, and especially the Asiatic seas, the order is represented by quite a large number of genera and species, which have been distributed by modern systematists among three decidedly distinct families.
Subclass GANOIDEI (Agassiz) Miiller.
The subclass of the Ganorpe1 or Ganoids, as revised by Miiller, embraces forms in which the vertebral column and skull are either osseous or car- tilaginous. The scapular arch is directly suspended from the skull. The exo-skeleton is generally deposited in the form of ganoid plates, but there are, in representatives of some families, oval or cycloid scales, and the body is still more rarely naked, and the bony plates absent. The optic nerves, like those of the Plagiostoms, are only connected by commissure and do not decussate. The bulbus artervosus is muscular, and provided with two or more rows of valves, which in one order are replaced by two spiral and longitudinal valvular folds. The intestine has frequently, but not always, a spiral valve. There are no special intromittent organs. The branchial apertures are simple fissures or spiracles on each side, as in ordinary fishes; the branchie are free. An air-bladder is present, and communicates by a duct with the intestinal canal. The ventrals are abdominal.
*“Catalogue of Lophobranchiate Fish in the collection of the British Mu- seum. By J. J. Kaup, Ph. D. &c.’? London 1856.
Article ‘‘ Ichthyology”’ by Sir John Richardson, in the recent edition of the ‘* Encyclopedia Britannica.”’
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This subclass embraces, according to the views of Agassiz and Miller, - the recent sturgeons and the gar-pikes, and the Amias of the fresh water streams and lakes of America.
The subclass of Ganoids, as here restricted, is one of the most interest- ing divisions of the class of Fishes. Some of its representatives are so nearly similar in external form and appearance to true fishes or Teleostei, that a naturalist, unacquainted with the anatomical characters of the species, might well be excused for considering them as members of the same family. Such are the Amiz of North America, and the Erythrinoids of South America. The former have the optic nerves connected by a simple commissure and not decussating, and the bulbus arteriosus fur- nished with many valves; it is, therefore, a true Ganoid. The Erythri- noids exhibit decussating optic nerves, and a single pair of opposite valves in the bulbus arteriosus; they are, consequently, true fishes or Teleostei. Yet in external characters, there is a very strong resemblance between them, and they were indeed placed next to each other and in the same family by Cuvier. Amza is provided with a sublingual bone, but this is not a character peculiar to the Ganoids; for the family Elopoidx, com- posed of the genera Hlops of Linneus and Megalops of Lacepede, is distinguished by the presence of a similar bone. Professor Agassiz has indeed expressed an opinion that, on account of the structure of the scales, and on other grounds, the genus Megalops may be a member of his order of Ganoids. The reasons for arriving at such a conclusion have not been given byhim. One reason might well be the presence of such a sublingual bone, especially if, as appears to be the case, such an appendage is peculiar to the Elopoids among the subclass of Teleostei. And there is, indeed, no very inconsiderable resemblance between the Elopoids and the species of some of the families of Holostean Ganoids which have no living represen- tatives. Suchare the Leptolepoids, which are generally regarded as true Ganoids. But unless the Elopoids have the structure of the brain and the simple chiasma of the optic nerves as well as the two or more rows of valves in the bulbus arteriosus, they cannot, without a new conception of the characters of Ganoids, be referred to that subclass.
In other forms, characters are seen which indicate their affinity with the Amphibians and Reptiles; traits which were formerly supposed to be peculiar to those classes have now been found in representatives of this subclass of fishes. The most singular and remarkable of those types are the paradoxical Lepzdosirenes of South America, and Protopterz of Africa. The former were first described by Fitzinger and Natterer as amphibian reptiles, most nearly allied to the Sirenoids of North America ; the latter, first named by Owen Protopterz, and afterwards, on the publi- cation of the memoir of Fitzinger, referred to the genus Lepzdoszren, were placed among the fishes. The rank and affinities of those animals have since attracted much attention from naturalists, and besides the eminent ones above-mentioned, the accomplished anatomists and zoologists, Bischoff,
14
. / Milne-Edwards and Miiller have added to our knowledge of their organ- ization, and each has discussed their affinities from various points of view. , .
Although such learned biol»gists as the Professors Bischoff and Milne Edwards have believed in the accuracy of the reference of the Lepido- sirenoids to the Amphibian reptiles, the greatest number of zoologists has regarded them as true fishes. The first of these are undoubtedly Owen and Miiller, each distinguished by the most profound knowledge of the auatomy and characteristics of the classes of the Vertebrata.
Professor Owen, in the “concluding observations” of his admirable memoir of the Lepdosren annectens, has fully reviewed the relations of that species, and has pronounced an unqualified belief in its piscine affinities. He has shown that it is proved to be a fish, “ not by its gills, not by its air bladders, not by its spiral intestine, not by its unossified skeleton, not by its generative apparatus, nor its extremities, nor its skin, nor its eyes, norits ears, but, simply, byits nose.” In all of its characters, except the last, it agrees with some of the lower Amphibians. He yet warns the student ‘that the physiological consequences of the modifica- tions of the nasal cavity, above alluded to, would have been far too insignificant to have established the ichthyie nature of the Lepzdoszren, if, with céexistent gills and lungs, the modifications of the other organic systems had agreed with those of the Perennibranchians instead of with those of Fishes.” As his remarks that follow are pertinent to the subject of the present memoir, we take the liberty of quoting them :—
“For, although it be true, that the fish-like modification of any single system is insufficient of itself to determine the removal of the Lepzdoszren from the Amphiba, in which it has hitherto been placed, to the class of Fishes, yet it is impossible to avcid arriving at that conclusion, when we consider the concurrence of ichthyie characters in so many parts of the organization of this most interesting species. The combination of cycloid scales, mucous ducts, quasi-fins, supported each by a many-jointed ray, a gelatino-cartilaginous vertebral style united to the whole surface of the basi-occipital, and not to two basilar condyles, the preopercular bone, the simple structure of the lower jaw, the double spines of the neur- and heem-apophyses, the green color of the ossified parts of the skeleton; these external and osteological characters being associated with an intestinal spiral valve, with the absence of pancreas and spleen,* the position of the anus anterior to the allantoid bladder, a dicceleus heart, six pairs of branchial arches, with the gills concealed, the simple organ of
*Miiller or Peters has demonstrated the existence of a spleen in the Rhino- cryptis amphibia of Peters, which is doubtless a species of Owen’s genus Protopterus. It is large, and situated behind the stomach and commencement of the intestinal canal, and beneath the peritoneal coat of the tractus intesti- nalis. It must be separated from the black pigment which forms a copious substratum beneath the peritoneal covering of the intestines.
15
hearing consisting only of the acoustic labyrinth excavated in cartilage and provided with large otolithes, and, lastly, the blind nasal sacs, form a cumulative body of evidence in proof that the Lepzdosvren is a fish, which far outweighs the argument to the contrary, founded on the reptile- like development of its air-bladder and its conversion into an organ of aérial respiration.”
After this able and elaborate summary, it will be only necessary to notice some of the objections that have been since brought against the reference of the Lepidosirenoids to the class of Fishes. The most prominent of those objectors are Bischoff and Milne Edwards. The former, influenced especially by the consideration of the position of the posterior nostrils, believed that they were true Amphibians. He found that the hinder nostrils opened into the cavity of the mouth near to the
commissure of the lips. Milne-Edwards himself admits that their abnormal position may be in part accounted for by the absence of superior maxillary -bones. Nor is such a termination of the olfactory canal peculiar to the Lepidosirenoids, An analogous arrangement occurs in the whole family of Ophisuroids of Kaup, which has, consequently, been placed by that naturalist in a peculiar section, called by him ‘‘ Cryptomycteres.” Those apodal fishes “‘ have a posterior nostril, which is placed in a cleft on the border of the lip, or perforates the inner soft part thereof.” The slight resemblance or analogy to that family in its elongated form, and the character of the vertical fins, may be also remarked. It is further worthy of note that in the Ophisuroids, as members of the order of Apodes, the supramaxillary, as well as the intermaxillary bones are small. But in the other families of Apodes, the nostrils preserve nearly their usual ichthyic position and relation to each other.
Milne-Edwards again urges as a previously neglected argument in favor of the Amphibian nature of Lepzdosvren, the opening of the ductus pneumaticus of the pulmonary sacs into the ventral face of the digestive canal. But we also find a similar arrangement in the species of the genus Polypterus, animals whose piscine characters and affinities have never been called in question.
Milne-Edwards commences with the observation that the lungs of the Mammals, Birds and Reptiles, as every one knows, always originate from the ventral face of the digestive tube, whatever their position may be in the splanchnic cavity, and it is only on the ventral side of the pharynx that the opening of the glottis is found. He continues and remarks that “it is the same with the Lepzdoszren ; and if the resemblance between the lungs of all these animals and the air-bladder of the Lepzsostez and of the Amide was as great as Mr. Owen seems to think it is, we ought to find this same character of organic relationship between the cesophagus and the bladder of these fish. Now, it is quite the contrary ; for the kind of pseudo-glottis which establishes the communication between this cellular pouch and the digestive tube, originates from the dorsal face of the
16
cesophagus. There exists, then, a fundamental anatomical difference between these parts, whatever else may be their physiological functions, and this difference furnishes a fresh argument in favor of the opinion of those who consider the Lepzdoszren as a reptile.”
The resemblance of the air-bladder of the Polypterus to the pulmonary sacs of Lepzdosdren has been justly insisted on by Owen. The air-blad- der of Polypterus is described by him as being double, consisting of two long cylindrical lobes, but of unequal length, the left being the longest, and extending through the whole length of the abdomen. It has also been stated to communicate by an elongated fissure with the ventral floor of the throat. The fissure is also said by Geoffroy St. Hilaire to be pro- vided with a constrictor muscie.
There is then no fundamental difference between the pulmonary sacs or air-bladders of the Lepidosirenoids and the Polypteroids. If Lepzdo- siren is to be regarded as an Amphibian on account of the communica- tion of the pulmonary sacs with the inferior face of the intestinal canal. then, for the same reasons, the Polypteroids are to be considered as Am- phibians. But the affinities of the Polypteroids with the Lepidosteoids of America are undeniably very great; the latter have the lung-like air- bladder communicating by a long fissure with the wpper region of the esophagus, and thus agree with the fishes. The comparatively slight importance of that character alone in determining the classification of Lepidosvren is then evident.
It is a fact of no little interest that the Polypterz, which have an air- bladder so similar to that of the Lepzdoszrenes, do also, of all known fishes, most resemble them in the form and development of the different elements of the brain.
The attachment of the scapular arch directly to the skull is one of the strongest evidences of the pertinence of the Lepidosirenoids to the class of Fishes. The Protopterus annectens is asserted by Owen to have “ the scapular arch directly suspended to the skull, but with this peculiarity, that it is connected by a synovial joint with the exoccipitals only.” It is the fact of suspension of the scapula to the skull that is of value in this case; the manner or means by which it is suspended is abnormal, and does not occur in other fishes. Professor Owen has then remarked that ‘in all osseous fishes, and in those Ganoids, as the Sturgeons, e. g., that come nearest to the Lepzdoszren in some parts of their structure, the scapula is suspended by two processes to the paroccipital and to the mastoid.”
The jointed pectoral and ventral filaments of Protopterus still further indicate the affinity of Lepidosirenoids to the fishes. Those of the so called Rhinocryptis amphibia have been described by Peters as not merely consisting of single articulated rays, “but also of cartilaginous rays which emanate from the inferior margin of the main limb or principal ray of the fin, and to which still finer cartilaginous filaments are attached.
>
Ka
These rays are not extensions of the main limbs of the fin, but are at- tached; the length of the rays diminishes towards the end of the main limb or principal ray of the fin until it becomes inappreciable ; the ex- tremities of the rays do not lie loosely upon the skin, but the whole fin is covered by a prolongation of the skin, which also covers the principal ray of the fin. In the pectoral fins, the beard of the fin is as long as its ray. In the ventral fins, one-third of the length of the ray is free at the base of the fin; this then commences very low and remains much lower than in the pectoral fins. In the latter, the beard of the fin external to the ray is three lines broad in its widest part. This kind of formation of the fins, in which the rays arise laterally from a main ray, is quite pecu- liar, and we have no other example of it amongst fish, except in the dor- sal fin of Polypterus.”
The structure of the ventral fins of the singular genus Bregmateros of Thompson, or Calloptilum of Richardson, furnishes a much more evident analogy to the pectoral and ventral members of Profopterus than does the structure of the dorsal fin of Polypterus above cited. The ventral fins of Bregmaceros mirus of Richardson, formerly described as Calloptz- lum mirum, is thus made known by its describer.
Each ventrai fin is «composed of three long, tapering jointed rays, having oblique joints at their bases and transverse ones near the tips. In a small piece of membrane which lies in the axilla of the long rays, there are sixteen short jointed branches, which are grouped so that they may be the tips of three, or perhaps more rays.”
The structure so described appears to be strictly analogous to that of the pectoral and ventral members of the Protoptert. The genus Bregmaceros is composed of two species found in the Chinese seas ; it belongs to the family of Blennoids, a family which is distinguished partly by the small number of raysin the ventral fins; the number is rarely more than two or three. The ‘three long, tapering jointed rays” of Bregmaceros represent the ventral rays of the normal Blennoids, and the branches which lie in the axillze of the inner rays are supernumerary, of which no other group, except the Lepidosirenoids, is known to furnish an example.*
The Protopterus of Owen and Rhinocryptis of Peters have each only a single auricle and ventricle to the heart. This has been positively stated by Owen and Miiller or Peters.
In the genus Lepidosiren, embracing only elongated species like the type of the genus, the rays have been described as simple, and the heart has been said to have two auricles.
* From an examination of the figure of the male of Anableps in the eighteenth volume of the ‘‘ Histoire Naturelle des Poissons,” it might be supposed that the anal fin of that fish furnished another analogous instance. Such is not the case; the artist has erroneously represented its structure. And even if the anal rays were attached to the genital production as represented in the figure, the case could scarcely be regarded as analogous to that of the pectoral and ventral members of Protopterus.
2
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The close affinities of the Protopteri and Lepidosirens cannot be denied. If the observations which have been made on Lepidosiren are correct, the result is then only to demonstrate that naturalists have placed too great value on the partition of the heart. It is indeed certain that the presence of two auricles is not even a positive character of the Amphibians. In the genus Proteus, the heart is said, by Owen, to possess a single undivided auricle, and he well remarks that “ were even the ‘ septum auricula- rum’ absert in the Salamander or Frog, these would not, therefore, be Fishes.
It would appear, then, that doubt can not much longer be entertained of the pertinence of the Lepidosirenoids t+ the class of Fishes, or at least to a class different from the Amphibians, if, with Professor Agassiz, we ehould admit that four classes are confounded among the Fishes. The more our knowledge of the anatomy of the Ganoids and the characteristics of Fishes is increased, the stronger becomes the evidence of the relativxe of the Lepidosirenoids to Fishes. The analysis of Owen, and the preced- ing remarks, will fully confirm the truth of this assertion.
If the question of pertinence of those animals to the class of Fishes is decided in the affirmative, there still remain to be discussed their position in that class, and the station and rank to which they are entitled.
Miller has formed a distinct subclass which he has called Dipnoi, and which is principally characterized by the presence of true scales on the body, the possession of both Jungs and gills, and the internal structure of the bulbus arteriosus. Can this subclass be retained ?
The similarity of the air bladder of the Polyptert to the pulmonary sacs of the Lepidosirenoids has been already commented on. There seems to be no essential difference between the two, either anatomically or physiologically. The branchial arches with their branchiex are alike present in each, and although those of Lepidosiren are somewhat modified, they also are essentially the same as in the Polypteri and the rest of the Ganoids. The presence of cycloid scales is not decisive, for such are found to be possessed by species of the genus Amia, and by other Cycloganoids.
There is one difference, however, between the true Ganoids of Miiller and his Dipnoi which is of considerable importance. The Ganoids have been characterized by Miiller as fishes provided with numerous valves in the arterial trunk. In this respect they differ from the Dipnoi. Professor Owen has given the following description of the arterial trunk or bulbus arteriosus of the Lepidosiren annectens, or rather Protopterus annectens :
‘This body presents externally a simple transversely oval form, but its internal structure is more complicated than would be suspected from its external appearance. It is formed by a short spiral turn of the dilated aorta, which is concealed under a simple continuous outer fibrous coat : the area of this part of the vessel is almost entirely occupied by two con- tinuous valvular projections, or their processes, which are attached by one edge to the internal surface of the aorta, and have the opposite margin pro-
f ie
=
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jecting freely fnto the arterial cavity. If these internal valves were straight, they would resemble the single thicker valvular process which occupies the elongated bulbus arteriosus of the Siren; here, however, they follow the spiral turn of the aorta.”
This structure of the arterial trunk has perhaps more analogy to that of the Amphibians than to that of fishes ; but the two longitudinal valvular pro- jections or ridges of the arterial trunk of Protopterus appear, nevertheless, not to be fundamentally different from the longitudinal rows of valves found in the trunk of the Ganoids, especially of the Amioids. By the coalescence of the valves of each of the respective rows in the bulbus arteriosus of the Amie, analogous ridges would be formed.
Another distinction from all other fishes is produced by the abnormal suspension of the scapular arch only to the exoccipital bones of the Lepidosirenoids,
The importance of both of the above mentioned peculiarities is undoubt- edly of considerable value, but it is very doubtful whether they alone are of sufficient importance to authorize the separation of the Lepidosirenoids from the subclass of Ganoids.
The Lepidosirenoids have many affinities with the Ganoids. The brain bears a considerable resemblance to that of the Polypteroids and the Acipenseroids ; the persistent notochord, combined with ossified vertebral elements, recalls to mind the similar structure which prevailed in many of the older representatives of the subclass; the strict homology of the pul- monary sacs and communication with the intestinal canal of Lepidosiren and Polypterus ; the presence of a spiral valve in the intestines; the ab- dominal position of the ventral members, are all characters which indicate the close alliance of the Dipnoi and Ganoids. Cycloid and regularly imbricated scales are found on the recent Amioids of America, and in extinct representatives of the order. We appear then justified in consider- ing the internal structure of the arterial trunk, and the mode of attachment of the scapula to the cranium, as of secondary value. As the Dipnoi agree in all other essential respects with the Ganoids, we will then at least provisionally consider them as belonging to the same great subclass for which the latter name may be retained.*
Professor Owen has for the most part adopted the classification proposed by Miller, but has not recognized the subclasses, of which six were named
*It was not until some time after the completion of the above remarks that the observation of Miiller respecting the reference by Agassiz of the genus Lepidosiren to his order of Ganoids was noticed. The reasons assigned by Agassiz for that act have not been stated. We do not know where that natural- ist has published his observations. In his recent Essay on Classification, the Ganoids are simply accepted as a class with three undoubted orders called Ceelacanths, Acipenseroids and Sauroids; and three doubtful ones, the Silu- roids, Plectognaths and Lophobranches. It can scarcely be intended to refer the Lepidosirenoids to any of those orders. We remain, therefore, in doubt as to the position that Professor Agassiz would assign to them.
20
by that zoologist, and has united the Marsipobranchii “and Pharyngo- branchii, which were believed by Miiller to form distinct subclasses, into one order. The Lepidosirenoids are regarded as forming the ninth order in an ascending rank ; on that order, the name of Protopteri has been bestowed.
Do the Ganoids form an integral part of the class of Fishes? Are the distinctions between the Miillerian Ganoids and Teleosteans then of no more than ordinal value?
Naturalists will admit that the differences between the natural groups that have been named Teleostei, Elasmobranchii, and Dermopteri, are of much greater value than those which have been employed to separate the Teleostei into the groups that have been called orders. It may be objected to this view that orders are not necessarily of equal value. Such may be admitted to be the case; orders may be of quite unequal value. But there are between the groups above named, important fundamental differences which can scarcely be considered as of only ordinal value. The distinc- tions between them, as well as the Ganoids, have been even regarded by Agassiz as indicating classical value. While naturalists will not probably, at least immediately, accept this doctrine, it must still be admitted that three of those groups, if not all, are of much more than ordinal importance. For the present, then, they may be regarded as subclasses.
But it will be doubtless questionable with some whether the Ganoids are entitled to an equal rank with the Elasmobranchii and the Dermopteri; whether they do not themselves belong to one subclass composed of them and the Teleostei, or typical fishes.
Although the Ganoids do not externally present the same trenchant characters as the Elasmobranchii and Dermopteri; although there is con- siderable resemblance between representative genera of the Teleostean and Ganoid groups; and though the limits of those groups have been and may perhaps be still considered doubtful,—there are important and permanent anatomical distinctions between them, and those anatomical characters have been regarded as possessing real value. While, therefore, we may admit that there is not as great differences between the Teleostei and the Ganoids, as between the other subclasses, we may still, believing that groups need not be of exactly equal value, regard those two as representing distinct subclasses. At the same time, it is admitted that future researches and more profound investigations may demonstrate the unity of those subclasses.
Those researches may also confirm the idea of the absence of homogeneity in the class of Fishes, and prove that three classes are compounded under that name which are equivalent to the subclasses, as here adopted, of the Dermopteri, the Elasmobranchii, and the united Teleostei and Gaunoids. The two latter may then be found to form the subclasses of that class.*
*There is still reom for doubt as to the value ofthe distinctions between the various groups of the cold blooded vertebrated animals. Professor Owen has pro-
, : 7 ‘ U
21
The subclasses of Ganoids as now characterized may be provisionally divided into four orders, for which may be accepted the names of Holostei, Placoganoidei, Chondrostei and Dipnoi.
Order HOLOSTEI Miller.
The order of Holosteans embraces those fishes provided with plates which are either rhomboid and tiled or oval and imbricated. The hyoid apparatus has one or many branchiostegal rays. The centre of the vertebrae are either ossified or represented by a persistent notochord; the neurapophyses and hemapophyses are always ossified. The dorsal and anal fins are sustained by true dermo-neural spines articulated with the inter-neural spines. The scapular arch is suspended by two processes to the paroccipital and the mastoid bones, and sustains well developed pectoral fins provided with many rays. The abdominal ventral fins are also sup- ported by several rays. The bulb of the aorta has several longitudinal rows of valves.
The order of Holosteans, as thus limited, embraces among recent fishes only the families of Lepidosteoids, Polypteroids and Amioids, but the number of its extinct representatives is very large. The order itself may be subdivided into two suborders, to which may be given the names of Rhomboganoids and Cycloganoids,—there appearing to be a certain corre- lation between the form and structure of the plates or scales and the rest of the organization. The first two of the three orders above enumerated are Rhomboganoids; the family of Amioids belongs to the suborder of Cycloganoids.
Order PLACOGANOIDEI (Owen.)
This group, which is now elevated to